Yan Zhao1, Rui Qin2, Hong Hong3, Heyu Lv4, Kan Ye5, Yarong Wei6, Wen Zheng7, Hongxia Qi8, Yufei Ni9, Li Zhang10, Guoqiang Yang11, Guoqin Liu12, Aiping Wu13. 1. Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. 2. Department of Child Health Care, Jiangsu Women and Children Health Hospital, Women and Child Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. 3. Department of Child Health Care, Drum Tower Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing, China. 4. Department of Child Health Care, Jiangning Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing, China. 5. Department of Child Health Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China. 6. Department of Child Health Care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, China. 7. Department of Child Health Care, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Yancheng, China. 8. Department of Child Health Care, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, China. 9. Department of Child Health Care, Nantong Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nantong, China. 10. Department of Child Health Care, Huai'an Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huai'an, China. 11. Department of Child Health Care, Kunshan Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Kunshan, China. 12. Department of Child Health Care, Dafeng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Dafeng, China. 13. Department of Child Health Care, Xinghua Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xinghua, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To explore the vitamin D status with its demographic and lifestyle factors including dietary, supplementation, and physical activity in 0-5 years old children. METHODS: This was a large population-based cross-sectional multicentre study in which the children were recruited from 12 Children's Health Care Centers by a stratified cluster random-sampling method in 10 cities in Jiangsu Province, China. RESULTS: A total number of 5289 children were investigated. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 30.1%. The concentration of 25 hydroxyvitamin D was 64.0 (46.3-83.0) nmol mL-1 after adjustment for covariates. Children with higher risk of vitamin D deficiency were more likely to be at older age, girls, survey conducted in spring, location in southern Jiangsu province, residence in urban, outdoor activity < 2 h day-1 (all p < 0.05). Moreover, those with lower risk were more likely to be the number of parity ≥ 2 times, vitamin D supplementation from birth to 6 months, the initial time of vitamin D supplementation after birth ≤ 1 months, vitamin D and calcium supplementation in the last 3 months, and dose of vitamin D supplementation > 400 IU day-1 (all p < 0.05). Children with preferences for sweets, meat consumption > 150.0 g day-1 , milk consumption < 250 mL day-1 , time of sleeping < 10 h day-1 had higher risks of vitamin D deficiency. However, these relationships were affected by demographics. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D status during the first five years of life was suboptimal and was associated with demographic and lifestyle determinants including milk, meat, sweets, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, sleeping and outdoor activity.
BACKGROUND: To explore the vitamin D status with its demographic and lifestyle factors including dietary, supplementation, and physical activity in 0-5 years old children. METHODS: This was a large population-based cross-sectional multicentre study in which the children were recruited from 12 Children's Health Care Centers by a stratified cluster random-sampling method in 10 cities in Jiangsu Province, China. RESULTS: A total number of 5289 children were investigated. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 30.1%. The concentration of 25 hydroxyvitamin D was 64.0 (46.3-83.0) nmol mL-1 after adjustment for covariates. Children with higher risk of vitamin D deficiency were more likely to be at older age, girls, survey conducted in spring, location in southern Jiangsu province, residence in urban, outdoor activity < 2 h day-1 (all p < 0.05). Moreover, those with lower risk were more likely to be the number of parity ≥ 2 times, vitamin D supplementation from birth to 6 months, the initial time of vitamin D supplementation after birth ≤ 1 months, vitamin D and calcium supplementation in the last 3 months, and dose of vitamin D supplementation > 400 IU day-1 (all p < 0.05). Children with preferences for sweets, meat consumption > 150.0 g day-1 , milk consumption < 250 mL day-1 , time of sleeping < 10 h day-1 had higher risks of vitamin D deficiency. However, these relationships were affected by demographics. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D status during the first five years of life was suboptimal and was associated with demographic and lifestyle determinants including milk, meat, sweets, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, sleeping and outdoor activity.