Salim S Abdool Karim1,2, Tulio de Oliveira3,4,5, Glaudina Loots6. 1. Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa. salim.abdoolkarim@caprisa.org. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. 3. Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa. 4. KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. 5. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 6. Department of Science and Innovation, Pretoria, South Africa.