Darko Kastelan1, Emir Muzurovic2, Tina Dusek1. 1. Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with variable prognosis depending mostly on the disease stage and tumor grade. The staging system proposed by the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors has a reliable prognostic potential and defines ACC stages I-IV. Due to the absence of extraadrenal tissue invasion, patients with stage I-II have a lower recurrence rate and better prognosis. This article elaborates on the current understanding of the clinical approach to this group of patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Concerning the treatment, complete surgical resection of the tumor provides the only chance for cure. However, even after tumor removal, the risk of recurrence remains high and the main predictors of recurrence include tumor stage, grade (measured by Ki-67 proliferative index), and the tumor resection status. Adjuvant mitotane and/or adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered in patients with high risk of recurrence taking into account potential harmful effects of such treatment. Accordingly, careful selection of patients who may benefit from adjuvant treatment is of the utmost importance both for improving disease outcome and for avoiding potential overtreatment in patients who are at low risk of disease recurrence. SUMMARY: Many aspects of the management of patients with ACC stages I and II are not entirely evidence-based, and treatment decisions rely mostly on expert opinions and data from retrospective studies. Therefore, the treatment of these patients should be restricted to specialized centers with high expertise in ACC.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with variable prognosis depending mostly on the disease stage and tumor grade. The staging system proposed by the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors has a reliable prognostic potential and defines ACC stages I-IV. Due to the absence of extraadrenal tissue invasion, patients with stage I-II have a lower recurrence rate and better prognosis. This article elaborates on the current understanding of the clinical approach to this group of patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Concerning the treatment, complete surgical resection of the tumor provides the only chance for cure. However, even after tumor removal, the risk of recurrence remains high and the main predictors of recurrence include tumor stage, grade (measured by Ki-67 proliferative index), and the tumor resection status. Adjuvant mitotane and/or adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered in patients with high risk of recurrence taking into account potential harmful effects of such treatment. Accordingly, careful selection of patients who may benefit from adjuvant treatment is of the utmost importance both for improving disease outcome and for avoiding potential overtreatment in patients who are at low risk of disease recurrence. SUMMARY: Many aspects of the management of patients with ACC stages I and II are not entirely evidence-based, and treatment decisions rely mostly on expert opinions and data from retrospective studies. Therefore, the treatment of these patients should be restricted to specialized centers with high expertise in ACC.