| Literature DB >> 33692591 |
Richard Berger1, Ioannis Kyvernitakis2, Holger Maul2.
Abstract
Background The rate of preterm births in Germany is 8.6%, which is very high compared to other European countries. As preterm birth contributes significantly to perinatal morbidity and mortality rates, the existing prevention strategies need to be optimized and expanded further. About ⅔ of all women with preterm birth have preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes. They are bracketed together under the term "spontaneous preterm birth" as opposed to iatrogenic preterm birth, for example as a consequence of preeclampsia or fetal growth retardation. Recent studies suggest that low-dose aspirin does not just reduce the rate of iatrogenic preterm births but can also further reduce the rate of spontaneous preterm births. This review article presents the current state of knowledge. Method A selective literature search up until April 2020 was done in PubMed, using the terms "randomized trial", "randomized study", "spontaneous preterm birth", and "aspirin". Results Secondary analyses of prospective randomized studies on the prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin show that this intervention also significantly reduced the rate of spontaneous preterm births in both high-risk and low-risk patient populations. The results of the ASPIRIN trial, a prospective, randomized, double-blinded multicenter study carried out in six developing countries, also point in this direction, with the figures showing that the daily administration of 81 mg aspirin starting before 14 weeks of gestation lowered the preterm birth rate of nulliparous women without prior medical conditions by around 11% (11.6 vs. 13.1%; RR 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81 - 0.98, p = 0.012). Conclusion Further studies on this issue are urgently needed. If these confirm the currently available results, then it would be worth discussing whether general aspirin prophylaxis for all pregnant women starting at the latest in 12 weeks of gestation is indicated. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: aspirin; iatrogenic preterm birth; preeclampsia; prevention; spontaneous preterm birth
Year: 2021 PMID: 33692591 PMCID: PMC7938936 DOI: 10.1055/a-1226-6599
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 3 Studies on administration of aspirin to prevent spontaneous preterm births.
| Studies | Number of patients (N) | Patient characteristics | Aspirin | Spontaneous preterm birth rate before 37 weeks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dose | Begin | RR (95% CI) | |||
| RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. + in non-smokers, * rate of spontaneous preterm births < GW 34, ** preterm birth rate < GW 37 | |||||
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Silver et al., 2015
| 1 078 | s/p miscarriage < GW 20 | 81 mg | Prior to conception | 0.51 (0.19 – 1.34) |
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Abramovici et al., 2015
| 2 500 | insulin-dependent diabetes prior to pregnancy, chronic hypertension, multiple pregnancy, s/p preeclampsia | 60 mg | GW 13 – 26 | 0.83 (0.73 – 0.94) + |
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Vliet et al., 2017
| 28 797 | s/p preeclampsia, s/p pregnancy-induced hypertension, s/p fetal growth restriction, preexisting maternal disease (kidney damage, diabetes, immune disease, chronic hypertension), primiparity, multiple pregnancy, etc.) | 60 – 150 mg | GW 12 – 32 | 0.93 (0.86 – 0.996) |
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Andrikopoulou et al., 2018
| 2 543 | primiparous women without comorbidities | 60 mg | GW 13 – 25 | 0.46 (0.23 – 0.89)* |
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Hoffman et al., 2020
| 11 976 | primiparous women without comorbidities | 81 mg | GW 6 – 13 | 0.89 (0.81 – 0.98)** |
Table 1 Effect of 60 mg aspirin on the overall preterm birth rate and the rate of spontaneous preterm births 11 .
| Variables | Aspirin (n = 1262) | Placebo (n = 1281) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR: adjusted odds ratio for body mass index, ethnic affiliation, smoking, marital status, level of education; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval | |||
| Spontaneous preterm birth < GW 34 | 13 (1.03%) | 30 (2.34%) | 0.46 (0.23 – 0.89) |
| All preterm births < GW 34 | 20 (1.58%) | 33 (2.58%) | 0.62 (0.35 – 1.12) |
| spontaneous preterm births < GW 37 | 83 (6.58%) | 90 (7.03%) | 0.97 (0.71 – 1.33) |
| All preterm births < GW 37 | 99 (7.84%) | 105 (8.20%) | 0.97 (0.72 – 1.31) |
Table 2 Primary and secondary study outcomes of the ASPIRIN trial 12 .
| Aspirin | Placebo | RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. The effect of 81 mg aspirin/day, starting before 14 weeks of gestation, on the preterm birth rate of primiparous women without prior medical conditions was investigated. | ||||
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| Preterm birth < GW 37 | 668/5780 (11.6%) | 754/5764 (13.1%) | 0.89 (0.81 – 0.98) | 0.012 |
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| Hypertension | 352/5780 (6.1%) | 325/5764 (5.6%) | 1.08 (0.94 – 1.25) | 0.299 |
| Preterm birth < GW 34 and hypertension | 8/5780 (0.1%) | 21/5764 (0.4%) | 0.38 (0.17 – 0.85) | 0.015 |
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| Small for gestational age | 1506/5492 (27.4%) | 1564/5467 (28.6%) | 0.95 (0.90 – 1.01) | 0.171 |
| Perinatal mortality | 264/5779 (4.57%) | 309/5763 (5.36%) | 0.86 (0.73 – 1.00) | 0.048 |
| Preterm birth < GW 34 | 189/5780 (3.3%) | 230/5764 (4.0%) | 0.75 (0.61 – 0.93) | 0.039 |
| Preterm birth < GW 28 | 54/5780 (0.9%) | 75/5764 (1.3%) | 0.72 (0.51 – 1.02) | 0.062 |
| Spontaneous miscarriage | 134/5956 (2.25%) | 152/5964 (2.56%) | 0.88 (0.70 – 1.10) | 0.261 |
| Stillbirth | 141/5780 (2.44%) | 166/5764 (2.88%) | 0.85 (0.68 – 1.06) | 0.141 |
Tab. 3 Studien zur Prävention von spontanen Frühgeburten mit Aspirin.
| Studien | Patientenanzahl (n) | Patientencharakteristika | Aspirin | spontane Frühgeburtenrate < 37 SSW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dosis | Beginn | RR (95%-KI) | |||
| RR: relatives Risiko; 95%-KI: 95% Konfidenzintervall. + bei Nichtraucherinnen, * Rate spontaner Frühgeburten < 34 SSW, ** Frühgeburtenrate < 37 SSW | |||||
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Silver et al., 2015
| 1 078 | Z. n. Abort < 20 SSW | 81 mg | präkonzeptionell | 0,51 (0,19 – 1,34) |
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Abramovici et al., 2015
| 2 500 | insulinpflichtiger Diabetes vor der Schwangerschaft, chronische Hypertonie, Mehrlingsschwangerschaft, Z. n. Präeklampsie | 60 mg | 13 – 26 SSW | 0,83 (0,73 – 0,94) + |
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Vliet et al., 2017
| 28 797 | Z. n. Präeklampsie, Z. n. schwangerschaftsinduzierter Hypertonie, Z. n. fetaler Wachstumsrestriktion, vorbestehende maternale Erkrankungen (Nierenschaden, Diabetes, Immunerkrankungen, chronische Hypertonie), Erstgebärende, Mehrlingsgravidität etc. | 60 – 150 mg | 12 – 32 SSW | 0,93 (0,86 – 0,996) |
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Andrikopoulou et al., 2018
| 2 543 | Erstgebärende ohne Komorbiditäten | 60 mg | 13 – 25 SSW | 0,46 (0,23 – 0,89)* |
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Hoffman et al., 2020
| 11 976 | Erstgebärende ohne Komorbiditäten | 81 mg | 6 – 13 SSW | 0,89 (0,81 – 0,98)** |
Tab. 1 Effekt von 60 mg Aspirin auf die Gesamtfrühgeburtenrate und die Rate an spontanen Frühgeburten 11 .
| Variablen | Aspirin (n = 1262) | Placebo (n = 1281) | aOR (95%-KI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR: adjustierte Odds Ratio für Body-Mass-Index, ethnische Zugehörigkeit, Nikotinabusus, Familienstand, Bildungsniveau; 95%-KI: 95%-Konfidenzintervall | |||
| spontane Frühgeburten < 34 SSW | 13 (1,03%) | 30 (2,34%) | 0,46 (0,23 – 0,89) |
| alle Frühgeburten < 34 SSW | 20 (1,58%) | 33 (2,58%) | 0,62 (0,35 – 1,12) |
| spontane Frühgeburten < 37 SSW | 83 (6,58%) | 90 (7,03%) | 0,97 (0,71 – 1,33) |
| alle Frühgeburten < 37 SSW | 99 (7,84%) | 105 (8,20%) | 0,97 (0,72 – 1,31) |
Tab. 2 Primäre und sekundäre Studienziele des ASPIRIN Trial 12 .
| Aspirin | Placebo | RR (95%-KI) | p-Wert | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR: relatives Risiko; 95%-KI: 95% Konfidenzintervall. Untersucht wurde der Effekt von 81 mg Aspirin/d beginnend vor 14 SSW auf die Frühgeburtenrate bei Erstgebärenden ohne Vorerkrankungen. | ||||
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| Frühgeburt < 37 SSW | 668/5780 (11,6%) | 754/5764 (13,1%) | 0,89 (0,81 – 0,98) | 0,012 |
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| Hypertonie | 352/5780 (6,1%) | 325/5764 (5,6%) | 1,08 (0,94 – 1,25) | 0,299 |
| Frühgeburt < 34 SSW und Hypertonie | 8/5780 (0,1%) | 21/5764 (0,4%) | 0,38 (0,17 – 0,85) | 0,015 |
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| Small for gestational Age | 1506/5492 (27,4%) | 1564/5467 (28,6%) | 0,95 (0,90 – 1,01) | 0,171 |
| perinatale Mortalität | 264/5779 (4,57%) | 309/5763 (5,36%) | 0,86 (0,73 – 1,00) | 0,048 |
| Frühgeburt < 34 SSW | 189/5780 (3,3%) | 230/5764 (4,0%) | 0,75 (0,61 – 0,93) | 0,039 |
| Frühgeburt < 28 SSW | 54/5780 (0,9%) | 75/5764 (1,3%) | 0,72 (0,51 – 1,02) | 0,062 |
| Spontanaborte | 134/5956 (2,25%) | 152/5964 (2,56%) | 0,88 (0,70 – 1,10) | 0,261 |
| Totgeburten | 141/5780 (2,44%) | 166/5764 (2,88%) | 0,85 (0,68 – 1,06) | 0,141 |