Addiction psychiatry and addiction medicine - Strange bedfellows or separated at birth?

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. SUDs commonly co-occur with other psychiatric and physical illness and often require management by an addiction specialist to comprehensively address patients' complex needs. The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) offers two pathways leading to addiction subspecialty board certification: addiction psychiatry (American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology) and addiction medicine (American Board of Preventive Medicine). We explore the history of the distinct but overlapping practices of addiction medicine and addiction psychiatry and describe the unique contributions of each field. Specifically, we review skill sets, specialty training, and career outcomes for physicians specializing in the assessment and management of SUDs. We conclude by highlighting collaboration between the two specialties and offer a shared vision for the future of addiction specialty care.