Linking the Dynamic Chemical State of Catalysts with the Product Profile of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

The promoted activity and enhanced selectivity of electrocatalysts is commonly ascribed to specific structural features such as surface facets, morphology, and atomic defects. However, unraveling the factors that really govern the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2 RR) is still very challenging since the surface state of electrocatalysts is dynamic and difficult to predict under working conditions. Moreover, theoretical predictions from the viewpoint of thermodynamics alone often fail to specify the actual configuration of a catalyst for the dynamic CO2 RR process. Herein, we re-survey recent studies with the emphasis on revealing the dynamic chemical state of Cu sites under CO2 RR conditions extracted by in situ/operando characterizations, and further validate a critical link between the chemical state of Cu and the product profile of CO2 RR. This point of view provides a generalizable concept of dynamic chemical-state-driven CO2 RR selectivity that offers an inspiration in both fundamental understanding and efficient electrocatalysts design.