Advances in the Fabrication of Scaffold and 3D Printing of Biomimetic Bone Graft.

The need for bone grafts is tremendous, and that leads to the use of autograft, allograft, and bone graft substitutes. The biology of the bone is quite complex regarding cellular composition and architecture, hence developing a mineralized connective tissue graft is challenging. Traditionally used bone graft substitutes including metals, biomaterial coated metals and biodegradable scaffolds, suffer from persistent limitations. With the advent and rise of additive manufacturing technologies, the future of repairing bone trauma and defects seems to be optimistic. 3D printing has significant advantages, the foremost of all being faster manipulation of various biocompatible materials and live cells or tissues into the complex natural geometries necessary to mimic and stimulate cellular bone growth. The advent of new-generation bioprinters working with high-precision, micro-dispensing and direct digital manufacturing is aiding in ground-breaking organ and tissue printing, including the bone. The future bone replacement for patients holds excellent promise as scientists are moving closer to the generation of better 3D printed bio-bone grafts that will be safer and more effective. This review aims to summarize the advances in scaffold fabrication techniques, emphasizing 3D printing of biomimetic bone grafts.