Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine-Combination Therapy.

The anti-metabolite drug gemcitabine is widely used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. At present, gemcitabine is administered as a hydrochloride salt that is delivered by slow intravenous injection in cycles of three or four weeks. Although regarded as a 'front-line' chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is hampered by poor target cell specificity, sub-optimal cellular uptake, rapid clearance from circulation, the development of chemoresistance, and undesirable side-effects. The use of organic, inorganic, and metal-based nanoparticles as delivery agents presents an opportunity to overcome these limitations and safely harness optimal drug efficacy and enhance their therapeutic indices. Among the many and varied nano delivery agents explored, the greatest body of knowledge has been generated in the field of lipid-mediated delivery. We review here the liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, exosomes, lipid-polymer hybrids, and other novel lipid-based agents that have been developed within the past six years for the delivery of gemcitabine and its co-drugs.