Chen-Tung Arthur Chen1,2, Ting-Hsuan Huang3,4, Chi-Hsuan Wu5, Haiyan Yang6, Xinyu Guo6. 1. Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan. ctchen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw. 2. Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, Zhejiang, China. ctchen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw. 3. Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan. tinghhuang@narlabs.org.tw. 4. Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan. tinghhuang@narlabs.org.tw. 5. Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan. 6. Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
Abstract
The Kuroshio-literally "the Black Stream"-is the most substantial current in the Pacific Ocean. It was called the Black Stream because this oligotrophic current is so nutrient-poor in its euphotic zone that the water appears black without the influence of phytoplankton and the associated, often colored dissolved organic matter. Yet, below the euphotic layer, nutrient concentrations increase with depth while current speed declines. Consequently, a core of maximum nutrient flux, the so-called nutrient stream, develops at a depth of roughly between 200 and 800 m. This poorly studied nutrient stream transports nutrients to and supports high productivity and fisheries on the East China Sea continental shelf; it also transports nutrients to and promotes increased productivity and fisheries in the Kuroshio Extension and the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Three modes of the Kuroshio nutrient stream are detected off SE Taiwan for the first time: one has a single-core; one has two cores that are apparently separated by the ridge at 120.6-122° E, and one has two cores that are separated by a southward flow above the ridge. More importantly, northward nutrient transports seem to have been increasing since 2015 as a result of a 30% increase in subsurface water transport, which began in 2013. Such a nutrient stream supports the Kuroshio's high productivity, such as on the East China Sea continental shelf and in the Kuroshio Extension SE of Japan.
The Kuroshio-literally "the Black Stream"-is the most substantial current in the Pacific Ocean. It was called the Black Stream because this oligotropn>hic current is so nutrient-poor in its eupn>hotic zone that the n>an class="Chemical">water appears black without the influence of phytoplankton and the associated, often colored dissolved organic matter. Yet, below the euphotic layer, nutrient concentrations increase with depth while current speed declines. Consequently, a core of maximum nutrient flux, the so-called nutrient stream, develops at a depth of roughly between 200 and 800 m. This poorly studied nutrient stream transports nutrients to and supports high productivity and fisheries on the East China Sea continental shelf; it also transports nutrients to and promotes increased productivity and fisheries in the Kuroshio Extension and the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Three modes of the Kuroshio nutrient stream are detected off SE Taiwan for the first time: one has a single-core; one has two cores that are apparently separated by the ridge at 120.6-122° E, and one has two cores that are separated by a southward flow above the ridge. More importantly, northward nutrient transports seem to have been increasing since 2015 as a result of a 30% increase in subsurface water transport, which began in 2013. Such a nutrient stream supports the Kuroshio's high productivity, such as on the East China Sea continental shelf and in the Kuroshio Extension SE of Japan.