Urinary Biomarkers In Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer has a very high frequency of recurrence and therefore requires close clinical surveillance throughout its life, with cystoscopies and serial cytological examinations. These tests are both invasive and expensive, with considerable interpersonal and inter-institutional variability. Moreover, cytological examination used for the diagnosis of low-grade tumors has a low sensitivity; thus, there is an increasing focus on the research for new, accurate, urinary markers. Herein, the biological basis, methodologies, and diagnostic performance of biomarkers are discussed.