Cardiovascular evaluation in advanced chronic kidney disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) display an increased cardiovascular comorbidity, which is often underdiagnosed. Thus, effective cardiovascular diagnostic testing is of particular importance for this group of patients. Data from prospective randomized trials with cardiovascular diagnostic testing in CKD patients and improved outcome are limited. Diagnostic stress testing for CKD patients requires special consideration. Guidelines recommend cardiovascular diagnostic testing for patients undergoing an evaluation before transplantation.