Hye-Eun Lee1,2, Myoung-Hee Kim3, Min Choi4, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim5, Ichiro Kawachi6. 1. Korea Institute of Labor Safety and Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea. heunn.lee@gmail.com. 2. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. heunn.lee@gmail.com. 3. People's Health Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 4. Korea Institute of Labor Safety and Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 5. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 6. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Working hour regulation in Korea is being revised to allow increasing variability in number of working hours. We sought to investigate the association between variability in the number of daily or weekly working hours with or without long working hours (> 52 h/w) and mental health among South Korean workers. METHODS: We used data from 28,345 full-time, non-shift employed workers working more than 30 h per week participating in the Korean Working Condition Survey in 2017. We defined six groups according to variability in daily or weekly working hours (same number vs different number) and weekly working hours (31-40, 41-52, > 52 h per week). Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for self-reported depressive symptoms and anxiety were calculated using workers with same number of working hours/31-40 h per week as the reference. RESULTS: Variability in number of work hours every day or week combined with > 52 working hours per week showed the highest risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 5.13, 95% CI 3.25-8.11) and anxiety (OR = 3.75, 95% CI 2.39-5.88) compared to the reference group, controlling for age, sex, education, occupation, industry, salary, workers' choice of working hours and overtime payment. Workers working ≤52 h/w were adversely impacted by variable working hours as well. CONCLUSIONS: Variable daily or weekly working hours were associated with poorer self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms in Korea, among full-time and non-shift workers. Reform of the Korean Labor Standards Act warrants consideration.
BACKGROUND: Working hour regulation in Korea is being revised to allow increasing variability in number of working hours. We sought to investigate the association between variability in the number of daily or weekly working hours with or without long working hours (> 52 h/w) and mental health among South Korean workers. METHODS: We used data from 28,345 full-time, non-shift employed workers working more than 30 h per week participating in the Korean Working Condition Survey in 2017. We defined six groups according to variability in daily or weekly working hours (same number vs different number) and weekly working hours (31-40, 41-52, > 52 h per week). Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for self-reported depressive symptoms and anxiety were calculated using workers with same number of working hours/31-40 h per week as the reference. RESULTS: Variability in number of work hours every day or week combined with > 52 working hours per week showed the highest risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 5.13, 95% CI 3.25-8.11) and anxiety (OR = 3.75, 95% CI 2.39-5.88) compared to the reference group, controlling for age, sex, education, occupation, industry, salary, workers' choice of working hours and overtime payment. Workers working ≤52 h/w were adversely impacted by variable working hours as well. CONCLUSIONS: Variable daily or weekly working hours were associated with poorer self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms in Korea, among full-time and non-shift workers. Reform of the Korean Labor Standards Act warrants consideration.