Fabrication of halochromic smart films by immobilizing red cabbage anthocyanins into chitosan/oxidized-chitin nanocrystals composites for real-time hairtail and shrimp freshness monitoring.

In this study, halochromic smart films were produced, characterized, and applied to monitor the freshness of hairtail and shrimp in real-time. Red cabbage anthocyanins (RCAs) solution illustrated significant color variations (red-pink-blue-green) in different pH environments. RCAs were successfully immobilized into chitosan (CS)/oxidized-chitin nanocrystals (OCN) composites through hydrogen bonding, and cohesive film structures were formed. When the proper concentration of RCAs was incorporated into the composites, improved water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP), mechanical, UV-blocking, and antioxidant properties were observed. Moreover, the smart films exhibited distinguishable changes of color to ammonia vapor and acidic/alkaline environment within short time intervals, which were easy to discern by naked eyes. Finally, the smart films were applied to monitor the freshness of hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) and shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The film color changed significantly during storage time, and three stages of product freshness (fresh, medium fresh, and spoiled) were successfully differentiated. Strong correlations among three freshness indicators and two colorimetric parameters were also identified and analyzed. Overall, the smart system assembled from non-toxic and biodegradable components could contribute to monitoring the freshness of seafood, like hairtail and shrimp, in real-time.