Valentin Flaudias1,2, Oulmann Zerhouni3, Bruno Pereira1,2, Cheryl J Cherpitel4, Jordane Boudesseul5, Ingrid de Chazeron1,2, Lucia Romo6,7, Sébastien Guillaume8, Ludovic Samalin1,2, Julien Cabe1,2, Laurent Bègue9, Laurent Gerbaud10,11, Benjamin Rolland12, Pierre-Michel Llorca2, Mickael Naassila13, Georges Brousse1,2. 1. CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Psychiatrie B, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 2. Université Clermont Ferrand, EA NPsy-Sydo, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 3. Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Département de Psychologie, University Paris Nanterre, Ad Hoc Lab, Nanterre, France. 4. Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA, United States. 5. Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru. 6. EA4430 CLIPSYD, UFR SPSE, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France. 7. CMME, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, U de Paris, Paris, France. 8. Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier/INSERM U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. 9. LIPC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. 10. Service de Santé Publique, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 11. Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS-UMR 6602, Institut Pascal, Axe TGI, Groupe PEPRADE, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 12. Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Pôle MOPHA, CRNL, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Université Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France. 13. Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Unité INSERM UMR 1247, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Amiens, France.
Abstract
Background: This study evaluated factors linked with perceived stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown and addictive behaviors prior to and during lockdown in a sample of students who indicated engaging in alcohol consumption behaviors before lockdown. Methods: Cross-sectional study. French students from four universities participated in this study, and 2,760 students reported alcohol use. During the first week of lockdown, students reported their perceived levels of stress regarding COVID-19. Substance use and addictive behaviors were reported before and during lockdown, and media exposure, demographical, living conditions, and environmental stressors were reported during lockdown. Results: Women reported greater levels of stress (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.93, p < 0.001). Highly-stressed students also report less social support (95% CI: -1.04 to -0.39, p < 0.001) and were more likely to worry about the lockdown (95% CI: 0.27 to -0.65, p < 0.001). Alcohol-related problemswere more prevalent among the most stressed students (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.09, p = 0.004) as well as eating problems (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.36, p = 0.016) and problematic internet use (95% CI, 0.06 to 0.14, p < 0.001). Students reporting the highest levels of stress also indicated more compulsive eating during the previous seven days (95% CI, 0.21 to 1.19, p = 0.005). Conclusions: The level of stress was strongly related to four categories of variables: (i) intrinsic characteristics, (ii) addictive behaviors before lockdown, (iii) lockdown-specific conditions, and (iv) addictive behaviors during the lockdown. Several variables linked to COVID-19 were not directly linked with perceived stress, while perceived stress was found to correlate with daily life organization-related uncertainty and anticipated consequences of lockdown. Importantly, social support seems to be a protective factor on high level of stress.
Background: This study evaluated factors linked with perceived stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown and addictive behaviors prior to and during lockdown in a sample of students who indicated engaging in alcohol consumption behaviors before lockdown. Methods: Cross-sectional study. French students from four universities participated in this study, and 2,760 students reported alcohol use. During the first week of lockdown, students reported their perceived levels of stress regarding COVID-19. Substance use and addictive behaviors were reported before and during lockdown, and media exposure, demographical, living conditions, and environmental stressors were reported during lockdown. Results: Women reported greater levels of stress (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.93, p < 0.001). Highly-stressed students also report less social support (95% CI: -1.04 to -0.39, p < 0.001) and were more likely to worry about the lockdown (95% CI: 0.27 to -0.65, p < 0.001). Alcohol-related problemswere more prevalent among the most stressed students (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.09, p = 0.004) as well as eating problems (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.36, p = 0.016) and problematic internet use (95% CI, 0.06 to 0.14, p < 0.001). Students reporting the highest levels of stress also indicated more compulsive eating during the previous seven days (95% CI, 0.21 to 1.19, p = 0.005). Conclusions: The level of stress was strongly related to four categories of variables: (i) intrinsic characteristics, (ii) addictive behaviors before lockdown, (iii) lockdown-specific conditions, and (iv) addictive behaviors during the lockdown. Several variables linked to COVID-19 were not directly linked with perceived stress, while perceived stress was found to correlate with daily life organization-related uncertainty and anticipated consequences of lockdown. Importantly, social support seems to be a protective factor on high level of stress.
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