Edward H Shortliffe1, Gary H Lyman2,3, Francis K Amankwah4. 1. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York. 2. Public Health Sciences and Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. 3. Healthcare Quality and Policy, Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Seattle, Washington. 4. Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC.