Marisa Lopez-Cruzan1, Nicole A R Walter2, Jesus J Sanchez1, Brett C Ginsburg1, Wouter Koek1,3, Vanessa A Jimenez2, Kathleen A Grant2,4, Martin A Javors1,3. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. 2. Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA. 3. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. 4. Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) homologs are ethanol metabolites used to identify and monitor alcohol drinking in humans. In this study, we measured levels of the 2 most abundant homologs, PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2, in whole blood samples from rhesus macaque monkeys that drank ethanol daily ad libitum to assess the relationship between PEth levels and recent ethanol exposure in this animal model. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from The Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource. The monkeys were first induced to consume 4% (w/v) ethanol in water from a panel attached to their home cage. Then, monkeys were allowed to drink ethanol and water ad libitum 22 h daily for 12 months and the daily amount of ethanol each monkey consumed was measured. Whole, uncoagulated blood was collected from each animal at the end of the entire experimental procedure. PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2 levels were analyzed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, and the ethanol consumed during the preceding 14 days was measured. Combined PEth was the sum of the concentrations of both homologs. RESULTS: Our results show that (1) PEth accumulates in the blood of rhesus monkeys after ethanol consumption; (2) PEth homolog levels were correlated with the daily average ethanol intake during the 14-day period immediately preceding blood collection; (3) the application of established human PEth 16:0/18:1 cutoff concentrations indicative of light social or no ethanol consumption (<20 ng/ml), moderate ethanol consumption (≥ 20 and < 200 ng/ml) and heavy ethanol consumption (≥ 200 ng/ml) predicted significantly different ethanol intake in these animals. PEth homologs were not detected in ethanol-naïve controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that PEth is a sensitive biomarker for ethanol consumption in rhesus macaque monkeys. This nonhuman primate model may prove useful in evaluating sources of variability previously shown to exist between ethanol consumption and PEth homolog levels among humans.
BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) homologs are ethanol metabolites used to identify and monitor alcohol drinking in humans. In this study, we measured levels of the 2 most abundant homologs, PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2, in whole blood samples from rhesus macaque monkeys that drank ethanol daily ad libitum to assess the relationship between PEth levels and recent ethanol exposure in this animal model. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from The Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource. The monkeys were first induced to consume 4% (w/v) ethanol in water from a panel attached to their home cage. Then, monkeys were allowed to drink ethanol and water ad libitum 22 h daily for 12 months and the daily amount of ethanol each monkey consumed was measured. Whole, uncoagulated blood was collected from each animal at the end of the entire experimental procedure. PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2 levels were analyzed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, and the ethanol consumed during the preceding 14 days was measured. Combined PEth was the sum of the concentrations of both homologs. RESULTS: Our results show that (1) PEth accumulates in the blood of rhesus monkeys after ethanol consumption; (2) PEth homolog levels were correlated with the daily average ethanol intake during the 14-day period immediately preceding blood collection; (3) the application of established human PEth 16:0/18:1 cutoff concentrations indicative of light social or no ethanol consumption (<20 ng/ml), moderate ethanol consumption (≥ 20 and < 200 ng/ml) and heavy ethanol consumption (≥ 200 ng/ml) predicted significantly different ethanol intake in these animals. PEth homologs were not detected in ethanol-naïve controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that PEth is a sensitive biomarker for ethanol consumption in rhesus macaque monkeys. This nonhuman primate model may prove useful in evaluating sources of variability previously shown to exist between ethanol consumption and PEth homolog levels among humans.
Authors: Winnie R Muyindike; Christine Lloyd-Travaglini; Robin Fatch; Nneka I Emenyonu; Julian Adong; Christine Ngabirano; Debbie M Cheng; Michael R Winter; Jeffrey H Samet; Judith A Hahn Journal: AIDS Care Date: 2017-02-13
Authors: Alexandra Schröck; Annette Thierauf-Emberger; Stefan Schürch; Wolfgang Weinmann Journal: Int J Legal Med Date: 2016-09-05 Impact factor: 2.686
Authors: Richard A Gibbs; Jeffrey Rogers; Michael G Katze; Roger Bumgarner; George M Weinstock; Elaine R Mardis; Karin A Remington; Robert L Strausberg; J Craig Venter; Richard K Wilson; Mark A Batzer; Carlos D Bustamante; Evan E Eichler; Matthew W Hahn; Ross C Hardison; Kateryna D Makova; Webb Miller; Aleksandar Milosavljevic; Robert E Palermo; Adam Siepel; James M Sikela; Tony Attaway; Stephanie Bell; Kelly E Bernard; Christian J Buhay; Mimi N Chandrabose; Marvin Dao; Clay Davis; Kimberly D Delehaunty; Yan Ding; Huyen H Dinh; Shannon Dugan-Rocha; Lucinda A Fulton; Ramatu Ayiesha Gabisi; Toni T Garner; Jennifer Godfrey; Alicia C Hawes; Judith Hernandez; Sandra Hines; Michael Holder; Jennifer Hume; Shalini N Jhangiani; Vandita Joshi; Ziad Mohid Khan; Ewen F Kirkness; Andrew Cree; R Gerald Fowler; Sandra Lee; Lora R Lewis; Zhangwan Li; Yih-Shin Liu; Stephanie M Moore; Donna Muzny; Lynne V Nazareth; Dinh Ngoc Ngo; Geoffrey O Okwuonu; Grace Pai; David Parker; Heidie A Paul; Cynthia Pfannkoch; Craig S Pohl; Yu-Hui Rogers; San Juana Ruiz; Aniko Sabo; Jireh Santibanez; Brian W Schneider; Scott M Smith; Erica Sodergren; Amanda F Svatek; Teresa R Utterback; Selina Vattathil; Wesley Warren; Courtney Sherell White; Asif T Chinwalla; Yucheng Feng; Aaron L Halpern; Ladeana W Hillier; Xiaoqiu Huang; Pat Minx; Joanne O Nelson; Kymberlie H Pepin; Xiang Qin; Granger G Sutton; Eli Venter; Brian P Walenz; John W Wallis; Kim C Worley; Shiaw-Pyng Yang; Steven M Jones; Marco A Marra; Mariano Rocchi; Jacqueline E Schein; Robert Baertsch; Laura Clarke; Miklós Csürös; Jarret Glasscock; R Alan Harris; Paul Havlak; Andrew R Jackson; Huaiyang Jiang; Yue Liu; David N Messina; Yufeng Shen; Henry Xing-Zhi Song; Todd Wylie; Lan Zhang; Ewan Birney; Kyudong Han; Miriam K Konkel; Jungnam Lee; Arian F A Smit; Brygg Ullmer; Hui Wang; Jinchuan Xing; Richard Burhans; Ze Cheng; John E Karro; Jian Ma; Brian Raney; Xinwei She; Michael J Cox; Jeffery P Demuth; Laura J Dumas; Sang-Gook Han; Janet Hopkins; Anis Karimpour-Fard; Young H Kim; Jonathan R Pollack; Tomas Vinar; Charles Addo-Quaye; Jeremiah Degenhardt; Alexandra Denby; Melissa J Hubisz; Amit Indap; Carolin Kosiol; Bruce T Lahn; Heather A Lawson; Alison Marklein; Rasmus Nielsen; Eric J Vallender; Andrew G Clark; Betsy Ferguson; Ryan D Hernandez; Kashif Hirani; Hildegard Kehrer-Sawatzki; Jessica Kolb; Shobha Patil; Ling-Ling Pu; Yanru Ren; David Glenn Smith; David A Wheeler; Ian Schenck; Edward V Ball; Rui Chen; David N Cooper; Belinda Giardine; Fan Hsu; W James Kent; Arthur Lesk; David L Nelson; William E O'brien; Kay Prüfer; Peter D Stenson; James C Wallace; Hui Ke; Xiao-Ming Liu; Peng Wang; Andy Peng Xiang; Fan Yang; Galt P Barber; David Haussler; Donna Karolchik; Andy D Kern; Robert M Kuhn; Kayla E Smith; Ann S Zwieg Journal: Science Date: 2007-04-13 Impact factor: 47.728