Hydrogen peroxide-responsive platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles for thrombus therapy.

Occlusion of blood vessels caused by thrombi is the major pathogenesis of various catastrophic cardiovascular diseases. Thrombi can be prevented or treated by antithrombotic drugs. However, free antithrombotic drugs often have relatively low therapeutic efficacy due to a number of limitations such as short half-life, unexpected bleeding complications, low thrombus targeting capability, and negligible hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging ability. Inspired by the abundance of H2O2 and the active thrombus-targeting property of platelets, a H2O2-responsive platelet membrane-cloaked argatroban-loaded polymeric nanoparticle (PNPArg) was developed for thrombus therapy. Poly(vanillyl alcohol-co-oxalate) (PVAX), a H2O2-degradable polymer, was synthesized to form an argatroban-loaded nanocore, which was further coated with platelet membrane. The PNPArg can effectively target the blood clots due to the thrombus-homing property of the cloaked platelet membrane, and subsequently exert combined H2O2-scavenging effect via the H2O2-degradable nanocarrier polymer and antithrombotic effect via argatroban, the released payload. The PNPArg effectively scavenged H2O2 and protected cells from H2O2-induced cellular injury in RAW 264.7 cells and HUVECs. The PNPArg rapidly targeted the thrombosed vessels and remarkably suppressed thrombus formation, and the levels of H2O2 and inflammatory cytokines in the ferric chloride-induced carotid arterial thrombosis mouse model. Safety assessment indicated good biocompatibility of the PNPArg. Taken together, the biomimetic PNPArg offers multiple functionalities including thrombus-targeting, antioxidation, and H2O2-stimulated antithrombotic action, thereby making it a promising therapeutic nanomedicine for thrombosis diseases.