Bilge Sumbul1, Hilmi Erdem Sumbul2, Ramazan Azim Okyay3, Erdinç Gülümsek2, Ahmet Rıza Şahin4, Baris Boral5, Burhan Fatih Koçyiğit6, Mostafa Alfishawy7, Jeffrey Gold8, Alİ Muhittin Tasdogan9. 1. Department of Medical Microbiology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey. 3. Department of Public Health, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. 4. Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. 5. Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey. 6. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. 7. Infectious Diseases Consultants and Academic Researchers of Egypt (IDCARE), Cairo, Egypt. 8. World Organization, Watkinsville, GA, USA. 9. Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence indicating that children are less affected from COVID-19. Some authors speculate that childhood vaccinations may provide some cross-protection against COVID-19. In this study, our aim was to compare the circulating antibody titers for multiple childhood vaccine antigens, as an indicator of the state of immune memory between patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls, with a specific aim to identify the association between disease severity and antibody titrations which may indicate a protective function related to vaccine or disease induced memory. METHODS: This study is a case-control study including 53 patients with COVID-19 and 40 healthy volunteers. COVID-19 severity was divided into three groups: asymptomatic, mild and severe. We measured the same set of antibody titers for vaccine antigens, and a set of biochemical and infection markers, in both the case and control groups. RESULTS: Rubella (p = 0.003), pneumococcus (p = 0.002), and Bordetella pertussis (p < 0.0001) titers were found to be significantly lower in the case group than the control group. There was a significant decline in pneumococcus titers with severity of disease (p = 0.021) and a significant association with disease severity for Bordetella pertussis titers (p = 0.014) among COVID patients. Levels of AST, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer significantly increased with the disease severity. DISCUSSION: Our study supports the hypothesis that pre-existing immune memory, as monitored using circulating antibodies, acquired from childhood vaccinations, or past infections confer some protection against COVID-19. Randomized controlled studies are needed to support a definitive conclusion.
BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence indicating that children are less affected from COVID-19. Some authors speculate that childhood vaccinations may provide some cross-protection against COVID-19. In this study, our aim was to compare the circulating antibody titers for multiple childhood vaccine antigens, as an indicator of the state of immune memory between patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls, with a specific aim to identify the association between disease severity and antibody titrations which may indicate a protective function related to vaccine or disease induced memory. METHODS: This study is a case-control study including 53 patients with COVID-19 and 40 healthy volunteers. COVID-19 severity was divided into three groups: asymptomatic, mild and severe. We measured the same set of antibody titers for vaccine antigens, and a set of biochemical and infection markers, in both the case and control groups. RESULTS: Rubella (p = 0.003), pneumococcus (p = 0.002), and Bordetella pertussis (p < 0.0001) titers were found to be significantly lower in the case group than the control group. There was a significant decline in pneumococcus titers with severity of disease (p = 0.021) and a significant association with disease severity for Bordetella pertussis titers (p = 0.014) among COVID patients. Levels of AST, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer significantly increased with the disease severity. DISCUSSION: Our study supports the hypothesis that pre-existing immune memory, as monitored using circulating antibodies, acquired from childhood vaccinations, or past infections confer some protection against COVID-19. Randomized controlled studies are needed to support a definitive conclusion.
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