Serum Albumin Levels and Clinical Outcomes Among Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Endovascular Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Albumin levels have been reported to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum albumin and prognosis of ischemic stroke patients after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) treatment.
METHODS: Patients with EVT due to large artery occlusion in anterior circulation were selected from ACTUAL (endovascular treatment for acute anterior circulation) ischemic stroke multicenter registry in China. Serum albumin levels were measured within 24 h of admission. The primary outcome was poor functional outcome (modified Rankin scale score of 3-6) at three months. Secondary outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and three-month mortality.
RESULTS: A total of 605 patients (mean age, 64.2 years; 59.3% male) were enrolled. Up to three months after stroke, 342 patients (56.5%) developed poor functional outcome. After multivariate adjustment for demographic characteristics, National Institutes of Health stroke score, and other potential confounders, the odds ratio for the lowest tertile of serum albumin levels was 2.43 (95%CI, 1.18-5.01; P=0.046) for poor functional outcome, compared with the highest category. Restricted cubic spline regression demonstrated a linear association between albumin levels and poor functional outcome (P for linearity=0.017). Subgroup analyses further confirmed these results. Similar significant findings were also found in the association of serum albumin with mortality, but not with sICH.
CONCLUSION: Decreased serum albumin levels were independently associated with poor prognosis at 90 days after acute large vessel occlusion stroke in anterior circulation treated with EVT.

Introduction

The trajectory of an ischemic stroke patient due to large vessel occlusion is fundamentally altered by endovascular thrombectomy (EVT).1–5 Based on the current guideline for management of ischemic stroke,6 EVT is the standard care for patients with artery occlusion in anterior circulation. However, only half of the patients receiving EVT had functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, mRS, 0–2) at 90 days, and 10% were neurologically normal according to a recent meta-analysis of EVT trials enrolling 1287 participants.7 Therefore, identifying influencing factors for clinical outcomes is of vital importance for continuously improving the prognosis of patients after EVT.

Albumin is synthesized in the liver and regulates the colloidal osmotic pressure. It can also inhibit platelet aggregation,8 mediate systemic inflammation,9 and exert antioxidant activity.10 Cumulative evidence has shown the protective effects of serum albumin in many diseases such as hypertension,11 carotid atherosclerosis,12 and cardiovascular diseases.13 In addition, a reduction in albumin level is negatively associated with ischemic stroke severity.14,15 Data from an experimental study further confirmed the neuroprotection of albumin and demonstrated that human albumin therapy significantly improves neurologic function, and reduces infarction volume and brain swelling in animal models with acute focal ischemic stroke.16 The role of albumin as a neuroprotectant has been assessed in humans in the ALIAS (albumin in acute stroke) trial. However, the Phase III clinical trial did not confirm that high-dose albumin treatment can improve neurologic function in acute ischemic stroke patients.17 More studies are needed to investigate the effects of serum albumin in the prognosis of ischemic stroke, especially in patients with different etiology and therapeutic types. Hypotension before reperfusion may compromise collateral flow and lead to a poor outcome in larger vessel occlusive stroke. To date, data are scarce regarding the prognostic value of serum albumin in ischemic stroke patients after EVT. This study aimed to explore the relationship between serum albumin levels and prognosis at 90 days after EVT in a large cohort of Chinese patients.

Methods

Study Design and Participants

Eligible patients with EVT were selected from the ACTUAL (endovascular treatment for acute anterior circulation) ischemic stroke registry between January 2014 and June 2016. The ACTUAL is a registry of EVT for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke in 21 hospitals across China.18 Patients were recruited in this study if they met all of the following: (1) aged 18 years or older; (2) had pre-stroke mRS score ≤2; (3) had occlusion at internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery confirmed by computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtracted angiography.

We excluded patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis alone, treated with devices other than a stent-like retriever, had pre-stroke mRS score >2, or diagnosed with malignant tumor, autoimmune disease, severe renal insufficiency, hepatic disease, and heart failure. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, and approved by the Jingling Hospital Ethics Committee. Due to its retrospective nature; patient consent was waived. Patients data confidentiality was maintained in Jingling Hospital and each participating center.

Data Collection

We collected demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, and atrial fibrillation), clinical data (blood pressure, prior intravenous thrombolysis, stroke severity, pre-stroke mRS, and stroke etiology), imaging data (occlusion site, collateral flow, the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, ASPECTS), and procedural-related characteristics (operation modes, total passes of stent retriever, recanalization, onset to treatment time, OTT, and puncture to recanalization time). Stroke severity after admission was evaluated by using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).19 Stroke subtype was classified according to the criteria of Trial of Org 10,172 in acute stroke treatment.20 Collateral circulation status was evaluated using the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN/SIR) grading system.21 We defined the ASITN/SIR 0–1 as poor collateral circulation. Vascular recanalization was defined as modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score of 2b or 3.22 The symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was detected according to the criteria of the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification within 72 h after EVT.23

Follow-up of mRS at three months after stroke onset was accomplished by each center, either by telephone or by outpatient visit. The primary study outcome was poor functional outcome, which defined as mRS score of 3–6. sICH and three-month mortality were the secondary outcomes of this study.

Albumin Concentrations Measurement

Peripheral blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein from each subject within 24 h of admission. Albumin concentrations were measured using automated immunoturbidimetric assay. Laboratory data included blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) were also recorded.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were presented as mean (SD) and median (interquartile range), and categorical variables as number (percentage). Participants were divided into three groups according to the serum albumin levels tertile. Differences in baseline characteristics between groups were analyzed using independent sample t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Kruskal–Wallis H-test for continuous variables, and the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate.

An association was estimated by calculating OR and 95%CI. The effect of serum albumin on mRS score was analyzed using ordinal logistic regression model. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with two models were conducted to investigated the risk factors of clinical outcomes. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex, and model 2 further adjusted for variables with P<0.1 in univariate analysis of clinical outcomes. In addition, we further used restricted cubic splines to evaluate the pattern and magnitude of association between serum albumin and clinical outcomes, with four knots defined at the 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of albumin levels.24

We also performed subgroup analyses to assess the robustness of association between serum albumin levels and primary outcome. Interactions between serum albumin and subgroup variables on the primary outcome were tested in the models with interaction terms by the likelihood ratio test, adjusting for the covariates in model 2 unless the variable was used as a subgroup variable. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and R statistical software version 3.6.2, and 2-tailed P-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

In a total of 698 patients, we excluded 66 patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis alone or devices other than a stent-like retriever, three patients with anterior cerebral artery occlusion, seven patients with pre-mRS score >2, 17 patients with preexisting renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, heart failure, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Finally, 605 patients (mean age, 64.2 years; 59.3% male) were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups according to the albumin tertile: first tertile (<37.3 g/L), second tertile (37.3 g/L−40.2 g/L), and third tertile (>40.2 g/L). The demographics and clinical characteristics stratified by the albumin tertile were presented in Table 1. The participants with lower serum albumin levels tended to be older and had higher systolic blood pressure, baseline NIHSS score, Hs-CRP, prevalence of atrial fibrillation, and poorer collateral status than those with higher serum albumin. There was a significant difference regarding the overall distribution of mRS scores across the albumin levels tertile in ordinal regression analysis (lowest tertile vs highest tertile: adjusted OR, 1.62; 95%CI, 1.02–2.43, P for trend=0.039; Figure 1).

Table 1

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics Stratified by the Tertile of Albumin Levels

Variables	All Patients	1st Tertile, <37.3 g/L	2nd Tertile, 37.3 g/L−40.2 g/L	3rd Tertile, >40.2 g/L	P for trend
No. of patients	605	203	202	200
Demographic characteristics
Age, years	64.2±12.4	66.9±11.8	64.3±13.1	61.4±11.6	0.001
Male, n (%)	359 (59.3)	115 (56.7)	124 (61.4)	120 (60.1)	0.608
Vascular risk factors, n (%)
Hypertension	374 (61.8)	131 (64.5)	115 (56.9)	128 (64.0)	0.214
Diabetes mellitus	104 (17.2)	40 (19.7)	34 (16.8)	30 (15.0)	0.451
Hyperlipidemia	54 (8.9)	16 (7.9)	18 (8.9)	20 (10.0)	0.757
Atrial fibrillation	241 (398.)	96 (47.3)	75 (37.1)	70 (35.2)	0.028
Coronary heart disease	130 (21.5)	48 (23.6)	43 (21.4)	39 (19.5)	0.598
Clinical data
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	146.6±25.8	150.6±28.5	145.3±26.3	143.8±22.1	0.020
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	84.2±14.1	84.3±14.3	84.9±14.7	83.6±13.3	0.656
Time from onset to treatment, min	268.0 (200.0, 345.0)	270.0 (205.0, 350.0)	250.0 (190.0, 345.0)	270.0 (207.0, 340.0)	0.489
Time from puncture to recanalization, min	75.0 (54.0, 103.0)	77.0 (56.0, 113.0)	75.0 (52.0, 102.0)	75.0 (54.0, 99.0)	0.208
Baseline NIHSS, score	16.0 (12.0, 21.0)	18.0 (13.0, 23.0)	16.0 (12.0, 20.0)	15.0 (12.0, 19.0)	0.001
Baseline ASPECTS, score	9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	0.557
Cause of stroke, n (%)					0.100
Atherosclerotic	271 (44.9)	79 (38.9)	98 (48.5)	94 (47.0)
Cardioembolic	289 (46.2)	112 (55.2)	90 (44.6)	87 (43.5)
Others	45 (7.4)	12 (5.9)	14 (6.9)	19 (9.5)
Poor collateral status	283 (46.8)	107 (53.0)	100 (49.5)	76 (38.2)	0.007
Procedural modes, n (%)					0.417
Stent retriever only	291 (48.1)	90 (44.3)	100 (49.5)	101 (50.5)
Stent retriever with rescue therapya	314 (51.9)	113 (55.7)	102 (50.5)	99 (49.5)
Passes of stent retriever	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.107
Vascular occlusion site, n (%)					0.925
Internal carotid artery	249 (41.2)	84 (41.4)	81 (40.1)	84 (42.0)
Middle cerebral artery	356 (58.8)	119 (58.6)	121 (59.5)	116 (58.0)
Prior IVT, n (%)	199 (32.9)	67 (33.0)	66 (32.7)	66 (33.0)	0.997
sICH, n (%)	93 (15.4)	35 (17.2)	32 (15.8)	26 (13.0)	0.486
Recanalization, n (%)	53 (82.6)	161 (79.3)	170 (84.2)	169 (84.5)	0.305
Laboratory data
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.3 ± 1.1	4.2 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 1.2	4.4 ± 0.9	0.107
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.0 (0.7, 1.5)	1.0 (0.8, 1.5)	1.0 (0.7, 1.5)	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	0.658
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	2.5 (1.9, 3.1)	2.3 (1.9, 3.0)	2.5 (1.9, 3.2)	2.5 (2.1, 3.1)	0.115
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.3	0.995
Blood glucose, mmol/L	7.7 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 3.8	7.7 ± 3.6	7.3 ± 2.7	0.065
Hs-CRP, mg/L	7.6 (2.5, 24.5)	9.1 (2.9, 29.0)	8.6 (2.8, 26.5)	5.4 (1.9, 13.3)	0.034

Note: aRescue therapy includes balloon angioplasty, permanent implantation of stent, intra-arterial thrombolysis or intra-arterial tirofiban infusion.

Abbreviations: ASPECTS, the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Figure 1

Distribution of modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 90 days according to the albumin tertile. Adjusted odds ratio of ordinal logistic regression analysis for lowest vs highest tertile of serum albumin: 1.62 (95%CI, 1.08–2.43; P=0.039 for trend) for increased of mRS score.

After three months of follow-up, 342 participants (56.5%) experienced poor functional outcome. Compared with participants without primary outcome, those who developed primary outcome were more likely to be older, female, and had higher systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, Hs-CRP, baseline NIHSS score, passes of stent retrieve, and prevalence of atrial fibrillation, cardioembolic stroke, poorer collateral status, internal carotid artery occlusion, sICH, and recanalization. Patients with poor outcome at three months had lower baseline ASPECTS score (Table 2). The results of comparison of baseline data according to patients with and without secondary outcomes were showed in and .

Table 2

Comparison of Baseline Characteristics According to Patients with and without Poor Functional Outcome

Variables	Poor Functional Outcome		P-value
	Yes, n=342	No, n=263
Demographic characteristics
Age, years	67.4±11.4	60.0±12.5	0.001
Male, n (%)	180 (52.6)	179 (68.1)	0.001
Vascular risk factors, n (%)
Hypertension	219 (64.0)	155 (58.9)	0.201
Diabetes mellitus	63 (18.4)	41 (15.6)	0.360
Hyperlipidemia	26 (7.6)	28 (10.6)	0.193
Atrial fibrillation	160 (46.8)	81 (30.9)	0.001
Coronary heart disease	78 (22.9)	40 (19.8)	0.358
Clinical data
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	150.0±25.8	142.1±25.5	0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	85.0±14.5	83.3±13.6	0.132
Time from onset to treatment, min	270.0 (207.0, 352.0)	258.0 (190.0, 340.0)	0.064
Time from puncture to recanalization, min	75.0 (53.0, 103.0)	75.0 (55.0, 102.0)	0.783
Baseline NIHSS, score	18.0 (14.0, 23.0)	13.0 (10.0, 18.0)	0.001
Baseline ASPECTS, score	9.0 (7.0, 10.0)	10.0 (9.0, 10.0)	0.001
Cause of stroke, n (%)			0.002
Atherosclerotic	135 (39.5)	136 (51.7)
Cardioembolic	185 (54.1)	104 (39.5)
Others	22 (6.4)	23 (8.7)
Poor collateral status	136 (40.0)	182 (69.7)	0.001
Procedural modes, n (%)			0.488
Stent retriever only	162 (47.4)	129 (49.0)
Stent retriever with rescue therapya	180 (52.6)	134 (51.0)
Passes of stent retriever	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.001
Vascular occlusion site, n (%)			0.007
Internal carotid artery	157 (45.9)	92 (35.0)
Middle cerebral artery	185 (54.1)	171 (65.0)
Prior IVT, n (%)	110 (32.2)	89 (33.8)	0.663
sICH, n (%)	84 (24.6)	9 (3.4)	0.001
Recanalization, n (%)	259 (75.7)	241 (91.6)	0.001
Laboratory data
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.3±1.1	4.3±1.1	0.878
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.0 (0.7, 1.5)	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	0.581
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	2.4 (1.9, 3.1)	2.5 (2.0, 3.1)	0.382
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.2±0.4	1.2±0.5	0.893
Blood glucose, mmol/L	8.3±3.9	6.9±2.5	0.001
Hs-CRP, mg/L	10.1 (2.9, 29.0)	5.8 (2.1, 13.9)	0.006
Albumin, g/L	38.0 (35.0, 40.7)	39.5 (37.4, 41.6)	0.001

Note: aRescue therapy includes balloon angioplasty, permanent implantation of stent, intra-arterial thrombolysis or intra-arterial tirofiban infusion.

Abbreviations: ASPECTS, the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

The cumulative rates of poor functional outcome at 90 days according to the albumin tertile (from lowest to highest) were 69.5%, 54.9%, and 45.0%, respectively (Table 3). In univariate logistic analysis, the lowest tertile of serum albumin (compared with the highest tertile) was associated with increased risk of poor functional outcome (OR, 2.78, 95%CI, 1.85−4.18; P for trend=0.001) and mortality (OR, 2.97, 95%CI, 1.82−4.85; P for trend=0.001). Similar significant findings were observed when the albumin levels were added as a continuous variable. These associations remained significant after adjustment for demographic characteristic, baseline NIHSS score, baseline ASPECTS score, and other potential confounders. In addition, we assessed the potential correlation between the levels of albumin and clinical outcomes using restricted cubic splines with four knots. The result further indicated a linear dose-response association between serum albumin and clinical outcomes (poor functional outcome, P for linearity=0.017, Figure 2A; death, P for linearity=0.014, Figure 2B). No such relationship was found for albumin levels with sICH (all P>0.05, Figure 2C).

Table 3

Odds Ratio and 95%CI of Albumin Levels with Clinical Outcomes

	1st Tertile, <37.3 g/L	2nd Tertile, 37.3g/L−40.2g/L	3rd Tertile, >40.2g/L	P for Trend	Albumin Levels (Continuous)	P-value
Poor functional outcome (mRS score of 3–6)
No. of cases (%)	141 (69.5)	111 (54.9)	90 (45.0)
Crude model	2.78 (1.85−4.18)	1.49 (1.01−2.21)	Ref	0.001	0.91 (0.87−0.94)	0.001
Model 1	2.33 (1.52−3.56)	1.37 (0.90−2.06)	Ref	0.002	0.92 (0.88−0.95)	0.004
Model 2a	2.43 (1.18−5.01)	1.28 (0.65−2.54)	Ref	0.046	0.89 (0.84−0.96)	0.011
Death (mRS score of 6)
No. of cases (%)	68 (33.5)	58 (28.7)	29 (14.5)
Crude model	2.97 (1.82−4.85)	2.38 (1.44−3.91)	Ref	0.001	0.92 (0.89−0.96)	0.001
Model 1	2.34 (1.40−3.89)	2.11 (1.26−3.55)	Ref	0.005	0.94 (0.90−0.98)	0.003
Model 2b	3.19 (1.24−8.24)	2.01 (0.72−5.58)	Ref	0.022	0.88 (0.82−0.97)	0.006
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage
No. of cases (%)	35 (17.2)	32 (15.8)	26 (13.0)
Crude model	1.39 (0.81−2.42)	1.26 (0.72−2.03)	Ref	0.487	0.99 (0.95−1.02)	0.982
Model 1	1.31 (0.75−2.29)	1.22 (0.70−2.15)	Ref	0.633	1.00 (0.96−1.06)	0.801
Model 2c§	1.30 (0.66−2.18)	1.19 (0.65−2.17)	Ref	0.797	1.02 (0.96−1.07)	0.571

Notes: aMultivariable regression model adjusted for demographic characteristics, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis of primary outcome including atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, baseline NIHSS score, baseline ASPECT score, onset to treatment time, stroke etiology, collateral status, passes of stent retriever, vascular occlusion site, prior IVT, sICH, recanalization, blood glucose, and Hs-CRP levels. bMultivariable regression model adjusted for demographic characteristics, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis of mortality including atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, baseline NIHSS score, baseline ASPECT score, stroke etiology, collateral status, passes of stent retriever, vascular occlusion site, prior IVT, sICH, recanalization, low-density lipoprotein, blood glucose, and Hs-CRP levels.

cultivariable regression model adjusted for demographic characteristics, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis of sICH including baseline NIHSS score, baseline ASPECT score, onset to treatment time, stroke etiology, collateral status, passes of stent retriever, recanalization, and blood glucose.

Abbreviations: ASPECTS, the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score; Hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Figure 2

Association of albumin levels with risk of poor functional outcome (A), death (B), and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (C). Odds ratio and 95%CI were derived from restricted cubic spline regression, with knots placed at 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles of albumin levels. The reference point for albumin levels were the midpoint of the reference group from categorical analysis. Odds ratio were adjusted for the same variables as model 2 in Table 3.

In subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, prior intravenous thrombolysis, baseline NIHSS score, baseline ASPECTS score, OTT time, recanalization and cause of stroke, the modest negative associations between serum albumin and risk of poor functional outcome were observed in almost all subgroups and reached statistically significance in several subgroups. Moreover, no significant interaction was detected between serum albumin levels and these interesting factors on the poor functional outcome (all P-value for interaction >0.05, Figure 3).

Figure 3

Subgroup analyses of the association between albumin levels and primary outcome. ORs were calculated for increase in albumin levels after adjustment for the same variables as model 2 in Table 3, except for the stratified variable.

Discussion

Our study investigated the association between serum albumin levels at baseline and prognosis of ischemic stroke treated with EVT. We found that lower serum albumin levels were independently associated with increased risk of the poor functional outcome at 90 days, and there was a negative linear dose-response relationship between them. Subgroup analyses further confirmed these associations. No correlation was found between albumin levels and sICH.

Hypoalbuminemia was a concomitant syndrome in strokes.25–27 Davalos et al25 measured albumin levels within 24 h after symptoms onset in 104 acute strokes patients, and showed that hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/L) was observed in 7.7% of patients. Another cohort study of 705 ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke found that hypoalbuminemia was occurred in 45.5% of patients.26 In our present study, 122 (20.2%) patients obtained a serum albumin levels <35 g/L. These discrepancies in the hypoalbuminemia rates between our study and previous reports might be explained, at least in part, by differences concerning the study populations and study design, especially time of blood sampling. Hypoalbuminemia in stroke patients could be a result of malnutrition and/or underlying disease processes such as renal or hepatic insufficiency, and malignancy. To keep the homogeneity of the enrolled patients, we excluded patients diagnosed with malignant tumor, severe renal insufficiency, hepatic disease, and heart failure. Decreased serum albumin levels have been reported to be associated with the severity of ischemic stroke for follow-up at 90 days.28 Furthermore, patients with hypoalbuminemia had a higher risk of mortality at six months after the first onset of stroke.14 As preclinical literatures showed convincing proof for the neuroprotection of albumin, several clinical trials have been performed to investigate the role of albumin in humans. However, Ginsberg et al17 did not find that 25% albumin can improve neurologic function in ischemic stroke patients. Further studies are needed focusing on the different groups of stroke patients. To the best of our knowledge, few researchers have investigated the correlation of albumin levels with prognosis in ischemic stroke patients after EVT. Our study extended the current knowledge about the neuroprotection of albumin in ischemic stroke as it demonstrated a negative association between albumin levels and poor prognosis in patients treated with EVT. Randomized controlled trials are recommended to detect the benefit of supplementation of albumin in ischemic stroke patients after EVT.

The mechanisms by which serum albumin affects clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients after EVT are not completely understood, but several underlying pathophysiological pathways have been postulated. The rate of infarct progression after large vessel occlusion stroke is highly variable and depends not only on the duration of arterial occlusion but also the ability to maintain collateral blood flow above the threshold of infarction.29 Moreover, several studies showed that hypotension may contribute to worse outcomes in ischemic stroke after endovascular therapy.30,31 As the important regulator of colloidal osmotic pressure, low serum albumin levels may reduce the collateral flow and induce a poor clinical outcome in large vessel occlusive stroke after EVT. Experimental studies found that albumin can not only decrease hematocrit level but also mediate erythrocyte aggregation by increasing low shear viscosity and reducing erythrocyte sedimentation under no-flow conditions,32 contributing to increase the cerebral blood flow. Sufficient blood perfusion for ischemic penumbra area might rescue more neuron and prevent infarct growth. Further studies with imaging data such as infarct progression and larger final infarct volumes are needed to clarify this potential mechanism. Other possible pathways include suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress,12 inhibiting platelet aggregation,8,33 reducing the various cytokines adhesion within postcapillary microcirculation,34 and transporting the free fatty acids post-ischemia.35 In addition, ischemia-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction facilitate albumin to penetrate into the brain parenchyma, where it may be taken up by cortical neurons with normal morphologic features.36 All these studies suggested that serum albumin could be beneficial in ischemic injury.

A major strength of the present study is that it included a relatively large number of EVT patients from 21 stroke centers across China. However, several limitations should be noted. First, this study was based on a registry that retrospectively collected patient related-data, which inevitably produced systematic bias. Second, serum albumin concentrations were evaluated only once after admission, so we were unable to explore the association between albumin changes and prognosis. Third, although we controlled for a large number of confounders, some potential confounders were not available, such as dietary intake and nutritional status. Finally, we did not compare albumin levels in serum with those in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, the interpretation of our findings must be taken cautiously.

In conclusion, our present study showed that decreased albumin levels at baseline may increase the risk of poor prognosis after EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke. Additional studies should be conducted to confirm whether these results are applicable to a much broader population.