Expression of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein genes in cultured cells and in transgenic mice.

The human genome contains three alpha 1-glycoprotein genes (AGP-A, AGP-B, and AGP-B') encoding for slightly different forms of the protein. The major component of human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein found in plasma is coded by AGP-A, which is expressed in liver and in hepatoma cell lines and is induced by inflammatory stimuli. We have studied the regulation of the cloned AGP-A gene by transfection into cell lines of hepatic and nonhepatic origin. Unlike any other liver-specific gene investigated so far, every AGP construct tested was expressed with comparable efficiency in hepatoma and HeLa cells. In contrast, identical constructs in transgenic mice are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and are regulated by acute-phase stimuli. Transgenic mice carrying the cluster of three AGP genes secrete the human protein in the serum, and the corresponding mRNA is mainly derived from the AGP-A gene. The mRNA is liver specific, and its concentration increases several fold following experimentally induced inflammation. Additional transgenic lines carrying only the AGP-A gene showed that sufficient information for tissue-specific and regulated expression is contained within a 6.6-kb segment comprising the whole coding region plus 1.2-kb 5'-flanking and 2-kb 3'-flanking DNA.