Deep Learning-Based Measurement of Total Plaque Area in B-Mode Ultrasound Images.

Measurement of total-plaque-area (TPA) is important for determining long term risk for stroke and monitoring carotid plaque progression. Since delineation of carotid plaques is required, a deep learning method can provide automatic plaque segmentations and TPA measurements; however, it requires large datasets and manual annotations for training with unknown performance on new datasets. A UNet++ ensemble algorithm was proposed to segment plaques from 2D carotid ultrasound images, trained on three small datasets (n = 33, 33, 34 subjects) and tested on 44 subjects from the SPARC dataset (n = 144, London, Canada). The ensemble was also trained on the entire SPARC dataset and tested with a different dataset (n = 497, Zhongnan Hospital, China). Algorithm and manual segmentations were compared using Dice-similarity-coefficient (DSC), and TPAs were compared using the difference ( ∆TPA), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and Bland-Altman analyses. Segmentation variability was determined using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient-of-variation (CoV). For 44 SPARC subjects, algorithm DSC was 83.3-85.7%, and algorithm TPAs were strongly correlated (r = 0.985-0.988; p < 0.001) with manual results with marginal biases (0.73-6.75) mm 2 using the three training datasets. Algorithm ICC for TPAs (ICC = 0.996) was similar to intra- and inter-observer manual results (ICC = 0.977, 0.995). Algorithm CoV = 6.98% for plaque areas was smaller than the inter-observer manual CoV (7.54%). For the Zhongnan dataset, DSC was 88.6% algorithm and manual TPAs were strongly correlated (r = 0.972, p < 0.001) with ∆TPA = -0.44 ±4.05 mm 2 and ICC = 0.985. The proposed algorithm trained on small datasets and segmented a different dataset without retraining with accuracy and precision that may be useful clinically and for research.