Lucie Marousez1,2, Sandy Hanssens1,3, Laura Butruille1,4, Céline Petit3, Charlène Pourpe1,4, Capucine Besengez1, Thameur Rakza1,5, Laurent Storme1,5, Philippe Deruelle1,3, Jean Lesage1,2, Delphine Eberlé6,7. 1. Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France. 2. Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France. 3. CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, Lille, France. 4. Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France. 5. CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Neonatology and Pediatrics, Lille, France. 6. Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Lille, France. delphine.eberle@univ-lille.fr. 7. Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France. delphine.eberle@univ-lille.fr.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence indicates that levels of breast milk (BM) hormones such as leptin can fluctuate with maternal adiposity, suggesting that BM hormones may signal maternal metabolic and nutritional environments to offspring during postnatal development. The hormone apelin is highly abundant in BM but its regulation during lactation is completely unknown. Here, we evaluated whether maternal obesity and overnutrition impacted BM apelin and leptin levels in clinical cohorts and lactating rats. METHODS: BM and plasma samples were collected from normal-weight and obese breastfeeding women, and from lactating rats fed a control or a high fat (HF) diet during lactation. Apelin and leptin levels were assayed by ELISA. Mammary gland (MG) apelin expression and its cellular localization in lactating rats was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS: BM apelin levels increased with maternal BMI, whereas plasma apelin levels decreased. BM apelin was also positively correlated with maternal insulin and C-peptide levels. In rats, maternal HF feeding exclusively during lactation was sufficient to increase BM apelin levels and decrease its plasma concentration without changing body weight. In contrast, BM leptin levels increased with maternal BMI in humans, but did not change with maternal HF feeding during lactation in rats. Apelin is highly expressed in the rat MG during lactation and was mainly localized to mammary myoepithelial cells. We found that MG apelin gene expression was up-regulated by maternal HF diet and positively correlated with BM apelin content and maternal insulinemia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that BM apelin levels increase with long- and short-term overnutrition, possibly via maternal hyperinsulinemia and transcriptional upregulation of MG apelin expression in myoepithelial cells. Apelin regulates many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, digestive function, and development. Further studies are needed to unravel the consequences of such changes in offspring development.
OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence indicates that levels of breast milk (BM) hormones such as leptin can fluctuate with maternal adiposity, suggesting that BM hormones may signal maternal metabolic and nutritional environments to offspring during postnatal development. The hormone apelin is highly abundant in BM but its regulation during lactation is completely unknown. Here, we evaluated whether maternal obesity and overnutrition impacted BM apelin and leptin levels in clinical cohorts and lactating rats. METHODS: BM and plasma samples were collected from normal-weight and obese breastfeeding women, and from lactating rats fed a control or a high fat (HF) diet during lactation. Apelin and leptin levels were assayed by ELISA. Mammary gland (MG) apelin expression and its cellular localization in lactating rats was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS: BM apelin levels increased with maternal BMI, whereas plasma apelin levels decreased. BM apelin was also positively correlated with maternal insulin and C-peptide levels. In rats, maternal HF feeding exclusively during lactation was sufficient to increase BM apelin levels and decrease its plasma concentration without changing body weight. In contrast, BM leptin levels increased with maternal BMI in humans, but did not change with maternal HF feeding during lactation in rats. Apelin is highly expressed in the rat MG during lactation and was mainly localized to mammary myoepithelial cells. We found that MG apelin gene expression was up-regulated by maternal HF diet and positively correlated with BM apelin content and maternal insulinemia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that BM apelin levels increase with long- and short-term overnutrition, possibly via maternal hyperinsulinemia and transcriptional upregulation of MG apelin expression in myoepithelial cells. Apelin regulates many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, digestive function, and development. Further studies are needed to unravel the consequences of such changes in offspring development.
Authors: Elvira Isganaitis; Sarah Venditti; Tucker J Matthews; Carles Lerin; Ellen W Demerath; David A Fields Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2019-07-01 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Nicholas J Andreas; Matthew J Hyde; Chris Gale; James R C Parkinson; Suzan Jeffries; Elaine Holmes; Neena Modi Journal: PLoS One Date: 2014-12-23 Impact factor: 3.240