J Hussong1, H Mattheus2, S Wachs3, M Equit4, A von Gontard5. 1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address: Justine.hussong@uks.eu. 2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address: Hannah.mattheus@uks.eu. 3. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address: Silke.wachs@uks.eu. 4. Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. Electronic address: monika.equit@uni-saarland.de. 5. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.gontard@uks.eu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and fecal incontinence (FI) are common disorders in children. Although standard treatment is highly effective, subgroups of incontinence (combinations of nocturnal enuresis (NE), DUI and/or FI, or with psychological comorbidity) can relapse or take a chronic course. For these complex, therapy-resistant cases, a manualized outpatient bladder and bowel training program was developed. The aim of the study was to evaluate prospectively treatment effects of this training program, including a follow-up assessment. MATERIAL & METHODS: The training program was developed for small groups of 2-6 children (of same age and sex) aged 5-12 years with adaptations for 13-16 year-old adolescents. It consists of 7-9 weekly sessions for group training and 3 weekly sessions for individual training. The training comprises information about anatomy/physiology of the urogenital tract, pathophysiology, hygiene and balanced nutrition. Voiding and drinking diaries, stress management, relaxation and emotion regulation techniques are also included. Data of 32 children (mean age 8.6 years, range 5-13 years; 21 boys), who had received standard treatment (and did not reach complete response) are presented. 14 children received group therapy, 18 (younger children) were treated individually. Children were assessed before and after the treatment, as well as at a follow-up of 6 months later. Treatment effects were measured by incontinence frequency and treatment success according to the ICCS (complete response: 100% reduction of symptoms; partial response: 50-99% reduction of symptoms). Psychological symptoms were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire (CBCL). RESULTS: Frequencies of DUI were significantly reduced from 5.7 wetting episodes/week (before training) to 4.9 (after training) to 2.0 (6 months after training). Frequencies of FI were reduced from 2.9 soiling episodes/week (before training) to 1.9 (after training), but increased to 2.6 (6 months after training). According to the ICCS classification, 11.1% of children with DUI had a complete response after training and 47.6% at follow-up after 6 months. In children with FI, 33.3% reached a complete response at the end of the training and 25% at follow-up. Additionally, psychological symptoms, especially internalizing, decreased significantly during training. Further, in 14 children with comorbid NE, nighttime wetting reduced from 5.9 before training to 1.5 episodes/week at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This bladder and bowel training program is an effective and successful treatment option for children with therapy-resistant subtypes of incontinence. Symptoms still improved 6 months after training in DUI. Additionally, the training program is helpful to decrease psychological symptoms.
INTRODUCTION: Daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and fecal incontinence (FI) are common disorders in children. Although standard treatment is highly effective, subgroups of incontinence (combinations of nocturnal enuresis (NE), DUI and/or FI, or with psychological comorbidity) can relapse or take a chronic course. For these complex, therapy-resistant cases, a manualized outpatient bladder and bowel training program was developed. The aim of the study was to evaluate prospectively treatment effects of this training program, including a follow-up assessment. MATERIAL & METHODS: The training program was developed for small groups of 2-6 children (of same age and sex) aged 5-12 years with adaptations for 13-16 year-old adolescents. It consists of 7-9 weekly sessions for group training and 3 weekly sessions for individual training. The training comprises information about anatomy/physiology of the urogenital tract, pathophysiology, hygiene and balanced nutrition. Voiding and drinking diaries, stress management, relaxation and emotion regulation techniques are also included. Data of 32 children (mean age 8.6 years, range 5-13 years; 21 boys), who had received standard treatment (and did not reach complete response) are presented. 14 children received group therapy, 18 (younger children) were treated individually. Children were assessed before and after the treatment, as well as at a follow-up of 6 months later. Treatment effects were measured by incontinence frequency and treatment success according to the ICCS (complete response: 100% reduction of symptoms; partial response: 50-99% reduction of symptoms). Psychological symptoms were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire (CBCL). RESULTS: Frequencies of DUI were significantly reduced from 5.7 wetting episodes/week (before training) to 4.9 (after training) to 2.0 (6 months after training). Frequencies of FI were reduced from 2.9 soiling episodes/week (before training) to 1.9 (after training), but increased to 2.6 (6 months after training). According to the ICCS classification, 11.1% of children with DUI had a complete response after training and 47.6% at follow-up after 6 months. In children with FI, 33.3% reached a complete response at the end of the training and 25% at follow-up. Additionally, psychological symptoms, especially internalizing, decreased significantly during training. Further, in 14 children with comorbid NE, nighttime wetting reduced from 5.9 before training to 1.5 episodes/week at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This bladder and bowel training program is an effective and successful treatment option for children with therapy-resistant subtypes of incontinence. Symptoms still improved 6 months after training in DUI. Additionally, the training program is helpful to decrease psychological symptoms.