Rui Wang1, Jiahui Chen1, Kaifu Gao1, Yuta Hozumi1, Changchuan Yin2, Guo-Wei Wei3,4,5. 1. Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. 2. Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA. 3. Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. weig@msu.edu. 4. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. weig@msu.edu. 5. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. weig@msu.edu.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been mutating since it was first sequenced in early January 2020. Here, we analyze 45,494 complete SARS-CoV-2 geneome sequences in the world to understand their mutations. Among them, 12,754 sequences are from the United States. Our analysis suggests the presence of four substrains and eleven top mutations in the United States. These eleven top mutations belong to 3 disconnected groups. The first and second groups consisting of 5 and 8 concurrent mutations are prevailing, while the other group with three concurrent mutations gradually fades out. Moreover, we reveal that female immune systems are more active than those of males in responding to SARS-CoV-2 infections. One of the top mutations, 27964C > T-(S24L) on ORF8, has an unusually strong gender dependence. Based on the analysis of all mutations on the spike protein, we uncover that two of four SASR-CoV-2 substrains in the United States become potentially more infectious.
pan class="Species">SARS-CoV-2 has been mutating since it was first sequenced in early January 2020. Here, we analyze 45,494 complete n>an class="Species">SARS-CoV-2 geneome sequences in the world to understand their mutations. Among them, 12,754 sequences are from the United States. Our analysis suggests the presence of four substrains and eleven top mutations in the United States. These eleven top mutations belong to 3 disconnected groups. The first and second groups consisting of 5 and 8 concurrent mutations are prevailing, while the other group with three concurrent mutations gradually fades out. Moreover, we reveal that female immune systems are more active than those of males in responding to SARS-CoV-2 infections. One of the top mutations, 27964C > T-(pan class="Mutation">S24L) on ORF8, has an unusually strong gender dependence. Based on the analysis of all mutations on the spike protein, we uncover that two of four SASR-CoV-2 substrains in the United States become potentially more infectious.
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