| Literature DB >> 33580314 |
D A Eichenauer1, G Lachmann2, P La Rosée3.
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammation syndrome. In adults, secondary HLH is mostly observed. HLH is often triggered by infections, malignancies or autoimmune disorders. However, HLH cases in association with immunotherapies have been described recently. HLH in critically ill patients is often difficult to differentiate from sepsis. Both conditions can also be present at the same time. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of an adequate immunosuppressive therapy are essential for the further course and the prognosis of HLH. Therefore, HLH should represent a differential diagnosis in critically ill patients with persistent fever and additional symptoms (e.g. enlarged spleen, neurologic symptoms) or laboratory parameters (e.g. hyperferritinemia, cytopenia, increased transaminases) compatible with HLH. The diagnosis of HLH is made using the HLH-2004 criteria. The probability of the presence of HLH can be calculated using the HScore. High-dose corticosteroids represent the cornerstone of HLH treatment. Etoposide, immunoglobulins, anakinra or other drugs are added depending on the trigger. The course of HLH is influenced by the time of treatment initiation, the underlying trigger and the response to treatment. Generally, the prognosis of critically ill HLH patients is poor.Entities:
Keywords: Diagnostic techniques and procedures; Intensive care unit; Prognosis; Therapy
Mesh:
Year: 2021 PMID: 33580314 PMCID: PMC7880632 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-021-00781-9
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed ISSN: 2193-6218 Impact factor: 1.552
| 1 | Fieber |
|---|---|
| 2 | Splenomegalie |
| 3 | Zytopenie (≥ 2 von 3 Linien im peripheren Blut): |
| Hämoglobin < 9 g/dl | |
| Thrombozyten < 100 × 109/l | |
| Neutrophile < 1,0 × 109/l | |
| 4 | Hypertriglyzeridämie und/oder Hypofibrinogenämie |
| Nüchterntriglyzeride ≥ 265 mg/dl | |
| Fibrinogen ≤ 1,5 g/l | |
| 5 | Hämophagozytose in Knochenmark, Milz oder Lymphknoten |
| 6 | Niedrige Natural-Killer(NK)-Zell-Aktivität |
| 7 | Ferritin ≥ 500 μg/l |
| 8 | Löslicher Interleukin-2-Rezeptor ≥ 2400 U/ml |
Bemerkungen
(1) Fehlende Hämophagozytose schließt das Vorliegen einer HLH nicht aus
(2) Diagnosestützend sind zerebromeningeale Symptome, Liquorpleozytose und Eiweißerhöhung im Liquor, Lymphknotenvergrößerung, Ikterus, Ödeme, Hautexanthem, Transaminasenerhöhung, Hypalbuminämie, Hyponatriämie sowie eine bioptisch gesicherte chronisch persistierende Hepatitis
HLH Hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose, CD Differenzierungscluster
