Long non-coding RNA MT1DP interacts with miR-365 and induces apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by repressing NRF-2-induced anti-oxidation in lumbar disc herniation.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of the long non-coding (lnc) RNA MT1DP on the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The interactions between MT1DP and the microRNA miR-365, and its effects on the anti-oxidant activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2) were investigated in lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
METHODS: Human degenerative intervertebral disc NP tissues were obtained from 10 patients with LDH who underwent lumbar spine surgery. Normal intervertebral disc NP tissues were obtained from 10 patients with lumbar vertebrae fractures and used as negative controls (NCs).
RESULTS: The gene expressions of MT1DP and miR-365 in human degenerative disc NP tissues and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were significantly increased, while the level of NRF-2 was significantly decreased. Overexpression of MT1DP and miR-365 (MT1DP + miR-365) and inhibition of NRF-2 suppressed NP cell viability and induced apoptosis. MT1DP + miR-365 caused inflammation in NP cells by damaging the mitochondrial membrane. The combination of lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 reduced cell mitochondrial function and led to a decrease in the ability of cells to elimination reactive oxygen species (ROS).
CONCLUSIONS: The combination of lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 damaged the cell mitochondrial membrane, reduced mitochondrial function and the ability to eliminate ROS, increased cell apoptosis, and caused LDH. 2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a common and frequently-occurring disease in clinical practice that can cause a series of clinical syndromes, including cervical spondylosis and disc herniation (1). Current research suggests that IDD occurs under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions that can be affected by a range of factors, such as genetics, cellular senescence, mechanical load, matrix degradation, inflammation, and apoptosis. The decrease in the number of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and the loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) are the core characteristics of IDD (2). However, there is no unified theory on the exact mechanisms of IDD. Once IDD occurs, it is difficult to reverse, and there is currently no effective means to deter its progression (3). Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in depth basic research to understand the mechanisms of IDD.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a group of endogenous, non-coding transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length. Increasingly, evidence suggests that lncRNAs act as key regulators in biological processes. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been shown to be involved in a variety of human diseases, including IDD and osteoarthritis (4). However, understanding the mechanisms by which lncRNA regulates IDD is still in its infancy.

As an oncogene, MT1DP has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and metastasis (5). Recently, Gao et al. (6) demonstrated that MT1DP induces apoptosis by suppressing the anti-oxidant activity of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2). The interaction between the microRNA (miRNA) miR-365 and NRF-2 was shown to inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in cancer cells (7). Interestingly, NRF-2 expression has been shown to be correlated with IDD (8). However, whether MT1DP plays a role in the pathogenesis of IDD and the mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. It has been suggested that lncRNAs can competitively adsorb certain miRNAs through endogenous RNA pathways to regulate gene expression and thereby participate in the development of IDD (9). Gao et al. (6) confirmed that the lncRNA MT1DP acts as an endogenous sponge to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by directly binding to miR-365 and this may promote the development of IDD. We previously found out that miR-365 is a potential target of MT1DP through data base analysis. We speculated that MT1DP may participate in the development of IDD by targeting miR-365 to regulate NRF-2. This investigation used human degenerative IVD NPCs in vitro to investigate the roles and mechanisms of MT1DP and NRF-2 in IDD. We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-8123).

Methods

Patients and samples

Human degenerative IVD nuclear pulposus (NP) tissues were obtained from 10 patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) who underwent lumbar spine surgery (the IDD group). This group included 5 males and 5 females, aged 45–65 years (mean age 52±10 years). All specimens were collected between March 2017 and March 2019 in the Orthopedic Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. LDH was diagnosed by preoperative symptoms, clinical signs, and imaging. Patients in whom conservative treatment was ineffective subsequently underwent surgery. Postoperative pathological findings in these patients confirmed degenerative disc tissues, with grades of III–IV according to the Pfirrmann degenerative IVD sagittal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) grading standard (10).

Normal IVD NP tissues were obtained from 10 patients with lumbar vertebrae fractures. This group was referred to as the negative control (NC) group and included 5 males and 5 females (aged 45–65 years, mean age 53±11 years). Intraoperative human NP tissues were placed in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 medium (HyClone, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, USA), and stored at 4 °C prior to subsequent processing. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (No. B2020-052). This study conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). All participants gave informed consent.

Isolation, culture, and identification of the NPCs

The NP tissues were dissected with ophthalmic scissors into 1 mm3 pieces and incubated with 0.25% trypsin for 30 minutes followed by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the tissue was digested with type II collagenase was for 4 hours at 37 °C. After filtration through a 200-mesh filter and centrifugation, the cells were collected. The NPCs were resuspended in DMEM/F12 medium (ThermoFisher, USA) containing 20% FBS (Biosera, USA) and cultured in a 37 °C, 5% CO2 incubator. The cells were cultured to 70–80% confluence, trypsinized, and passaged at 1:2. The second passage of the NPCs were seeded into 6-well plates for preparation of slides. NPCs were identified by immunocytochemical staining of collagen II (11) and Safranin O staining (12) as described previously.

Cell transfection

The MT1DP sequence was synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and cloned into the pcDNA3.1 plasmid (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) to construct the MT1DP overexpression vector (the MT1DP group). The pcDNA3.1 empty vector was used as a NC (the NC group). The pcDNA-miR-365 and the corresponding control pcDNA-Ctrl were also synthesized and constructed by Sangon Biotech. Plasmids or oligonucleotides were transfected into passage 3 degenerative IVD NPCs using a Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection kit (Life Technologies, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA in the NP tissues and the NPCs were extracted using the Total RNA Rapid Extraction Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Total RNA (500 ng) was used to analyze the relative expressions of NRF-2, MT1DP, and miR-365 by using the SYBR Green PCR kit (Takara, Japan) on a 7500 fast real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and U6 were used as internal parameters. The relative expression of the gene of interest was calculated by the 2-ΔΔt method.

The primers used were as follows: NRF2: 5'-C ACATCCAGTCAGAAACCAGTGG-3' and 5'-GGAAT GTCTGCGCCAAAAGCTG-3'; MT1DP: 5'-TCAAGG CCAAAGGTGGCTCCTGCAC-3', and 5'-GCACGGCA GCTGCACTTCACCAATG-3'; miR-365a-3p: 5'-TGCG GTAATGCCCCTAAAAA-3' and 5'-TGCAAGAGCAAT AAGGATT-3'; U6: 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3' and 5'-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3'; and GAPDH: 5'-CAATGACCCCTTCATTGACC-3' and 5'-GACAAG CTTCCCGTTCTCAG-3'.

Cell counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay

Cells (1×103 cells/well) were seeded in a 96-well plate and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), NRF-2 inhibitor, or MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression for 48 hours. CCK-8 (Beyotime, China) solution (1:10) was added to the cells and incubated for 4 hours. The absorbance was measured at 490 nm by a SpectraMax M5 plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

Western blotting analysis

Cells were completely lysed in lysis buffer (Takara, Japan) and nuclear proteins and cytoplasmic proteins were extracted. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was performed with 50 µg of the sample, and transferred onto PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) membranes. Membranes were then blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 hour at room temperature and subsequently incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies, including anti-Bax (Abcam, USA), anti-B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2; Abcam, USA), anti-cleaved-caspase 3 (Abcam, USA), anti-CYCS (anti-cytochrome C somatic; Abcam, USA), anti-cyclooxygenase 4 (anti-COX4; Abcam, USA), anti-voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (anti-VDAC 1; Abcam, USA) and anti-GAPDH (Abcam, USA) overnight at 4 °C. GAPDH was used as the internal control. After washing with tris-buffered saline with Tween20 (TBST), membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature. Following TBST washes, specific protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescent solution (ECL; Millipore, Shanghai, Chian).

JC-1 staining

Fluorescent dye 5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethyl benzimidazolyl-carbocyanineio-dide (JC-1; Beyotime Biotech, Nanjing, China) was used to monitor the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM). Cells were seeded into 6-well plates at 3×105 cells/well.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection

Cells were transferred to a 6-well plate (3×105) and allowed to attach for 6 h at 37 °C. To detect mitochondrial-related ROS accumulation, 0.5 mM H2O2 was added into medium for 24 h and subsequently MitoSOX red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) staining was performed. Cells were plated in serum-free supplemented with 0.7 µM MitoSOX for 3 min, and the fluorescent signal at a wavelength of 525 nm was detected using a Lumina Fluorescence Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.)

Immunofluorescence staining

The NP cells were seeded onto cover slips in 24-well plates. After the corresponding treatments, the slides with the NP cells were washed with pre-cooled phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cells were fixed for 10 minutes in 200 µL of 4% paraformaldehyde per well. After washing, the cells were incubated with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by 5% goat serum for 30 minutes. Cells were then incubated with 200 µL of reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe (Beyotime, China) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, the slides were removed from the 24-well plates and a small amount of anti-fluorescence quenching was added. The images were observed and captured under a Carl Zeiss LSM700 laser scanning confocal microscope (Zeiss, Germany).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed by Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using software SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD).

Results

The expression of NRF2 decreased, while MT1DP and miR-365 increased in patients with herniated disc

The expression of NRF-2 in LDH (as the IDD group) was significantly down-regulated compared to the NC group (P<0.05; ). Meanwhile the expression of MT1DP and miR-365 in the LDH group was significantly up-regulated compared to the NC group (P<0.05; ). The interaction between MT1DP and miR-365 was examined. The results of the RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay revealed a direct interaction between MT1DP and miR-365 (P<0.05; ).

Figure 1

The expression of NRF-2 decreased in patients with herniated disc. RIP detected an increase in the lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 complex in patients with herniated discs. (A,B,C) The mRNA expression of NRF-2, MT1DP, and miR-365 were assessed by qRT-PCR. (D) Evaluation of MT1DP and miR-365 complex expression in intervertebral disc cells of LDH patients by RIP and qRT-PCR. All experiments were carried out at least 3 times, and the data are presented as mean ± SD. Significant differences between groups are expressed as *P<0.05. NRF-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation; lnc-MT1DP, long non-coding RNA MT1DP; miR-365, microRNA-365; qRT-PCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; LDH, lumbar disc herniation; SD, standard deviation.

MT1DP and miR-365 affected NP cell viability in a time-dependent manner

The viability of the NP cells was assessed over a 48-hour period. Increased viability was observed in the first 12 hours and this decreased during the next 12 hours (significant difference P value: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.0001; ). Oxidative damage by H2O2 neutralized any change of viability in the cell cultures and no significant changes in cell viability was detected (). The specific NRF-2 inhibitor ML385 not only suppressed the viability of the NP cells but it also caused cytotoxicity. A significant decline in cell viability was noted by 24 hours and this declined further by 48 hours (*P<0.05, **P<001; ). Interestingly, the same trend was observed in cells over-expressing MT1DP + miR-365. The increased viability of the NP cells was suppressed and this further declined by 24 and 48 hours (*P<0.05, **P<0.01; ). Similar results were observed by cell morphology and density analyses using Allison Blue staining. Fewer cells were observed in both the NRF-2 inhibition group and the MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression group ().

Figure 2

The effects of lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 on the cell viability of NP cells. (A) The CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of NP cells in a time-dependent manner. (B) Alcian blue staining was used to observe cell morphology and density. (C) The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of H2O2 on NP cells at a concentration of 3 µM for 24 hours. (D) The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of inhibiting NRF-2 expression on NP cells. (E) The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 on NP cells. (F) Cell morphology and density under different treatment conditions. All experiments were carried out at least 3 times, and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. Cell morphology and density under different treatment conditions. Significant differences between groups are expressed as ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, and *P<0.05. lnc-MT1DP: long non-coding RNA MT1DP; miR-365: microRNA-365; NP, nucleus pulposus; CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; NRF-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SD, standard deviation.

Lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 inhibited NRF-2-induced apoptosis of NP cells

Treatment of NP cells with H2O2 resulted in cell apoptosis. Both inhibition of NFR-2 and overexpression of MT1DP + miR-365 enhanced the oxidative-induced apoptosis (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.0001; ). Simultaneously, the pro-apoptosis protein Bax and Caspase 3 expression were elevated while the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 was suppressed in inhibition of NRF-2 or overexpression of MT1DP + miR-365 NPCs (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.0001; ), suggesting that alterations in these proteins play a role in the oxidative damage-induced apoptosis of NP cells.

Figure 3

Lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 inhibited NRF-2-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells. (A) Apoptosis of the nucleus pulposus cells was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP notch end labeling (TUNEL) kit (original magnification ×200, scale bar: 50 µm). Three images were randomly selected and the number of cells with green fluorescence was quantified. (B) The protein expression of cleaved-caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2 was evaluated by western blot analyses in nucleus pulposus cells. (C,D,E) Quantification of the immunoblots of cleaved-caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2. Each band was normalized to each individual sample’s housekeeping gene GAPDH. The experiment was repeated 3 times, with a representative example shown. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. Significant differences between groups are indicated as ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, and *P<0.05. lnc-MT1DP, long non-coding RNA MT1DP; miR-365, microRNA-365; SD, standard deviation.

Lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 caused inflammation in NP cells by damaging the mitochondrial membrane

The effects of MT1DP + miR-365 on the mitochondria were investigated. In cells damaged by H2O2-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage was assessed by evaluating the expression of CYCS, COX4, and VDAC1. The mRNA levels of CYCS, COX4, and VDAC1 were measured by qRT-PCR. The results revealed up-regulation of CYCS, COX4, and VDAC1 (*P<0.05; ). The expressions of these three proteins were significantly increased by NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression compared to control cells, indicating that NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression caused further oxidative damage in the mitochondria (*P<0.05, **P<0.01; ). The relative expression of ATP and mtDNA are significantly reduced by NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression compared to control cells, indicating that NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR-365 over-expression caused the mitochondria dysfunction (*P<0.05; ).

Figure 4

Lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 caused inflammation in the nucleus pulposus cells by damaging the mitochondrial membrane. (A,B,C) The mRNA expression of cytochrome C (CYCS), cyclooxygenase 4 (COX-4), and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) were measured by qRT-PCR. (D) The protein expression of CYCS, COX-4, and VDAC1 in NP cells treated with lnc-MT1DP + miR-365 were evaluated by western blot. (E,F,G) Quantification of the immunoblots of CYCS, COX-4, and VDAC1. (H) The ATP level were measured by ATP/protein. (I) The mtDNA expression were measured by qRT-PCR. The experiment was repeated at least three times, with a representative example shown. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. Significant differences between groups are indicated as **P<0.01, and *P<0.05. lnc-MT1DP, long non-coding RNA MT1DP; miR-365, microRNA-365; qRT-PCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation.

The combination of lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 reduced cell mitochondrial function and decreased the ability of cells to eliminate ROS

Flow cytometry analyses confirmed that overexpression of MT1DP + miR365 induced lower levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and higher levels of ROS compared to NC cells (**P<0.01, ). Meanwhile, ROS fluorescence was analyzed to explore the biological effects of NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR365 over-expression on NP cells. As expected, the ROS levels following NRF-2 inhibition and MT1DP + miR365 over-expression increased significantly ().

Figure 5

The combination of lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 reduced cell mitochondrial function and led to a decrease in the ability to eliminate ROS. (A) Overproduction of ROS following treatment with lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 in NPCs and 293T cells. The scale bar represents 50 µm. (B) The content of ROS in different groups of 293T cells. (C) ROS fluorescence in different groups of ADSC cells. All experiments were performed at least 3 times and representative data is shown. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; with results considered statistically significant when **P<0.01. lnc-MT1DP, long non-coding RNA MT1DP; miR-365, microRNA-365; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ADSC, adipose tissue-derived stem cells; SD, standard deviation.

Discussion

Degeneration of the IVD is accompanied by a decrease in the number of cells and reduced synthesis of the ECM (13). Recently, the role of lncRNAs in IDD has received extensive attention. In this report, we demonstrated that MT1DP was significantly up-regulated in human degenerative disc NP tissue. Additionally, MT1DP participated in the promotion of IDD by inhibiting cell proliferation, and promoting apoptosis and ECM degradation of human degenerative disc NP cells in vitro. More importantly, MT1DP promoted IDD by targeting miR-365 to suppress the NRF-2 antioxidant signaling pathway.

Recently, some studies have reported significant changes in the expression of many lncRNAs in IDD (4). Chen et al. (9) reported that 8 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in human degenerative NPCs compared to normal NPCs. Wan et al. (14) also found that 116 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in IDD, and overexpression of the lncRNA RP11 296A18.3 induced up-regulation of Fas-associated protein factor 1 (FAF1) and ultimately enhanced abnormal apoptosis of IVD NPCs. Exploring the mechanisms by which lncRNA regulate the development of IDD may have important implications for the discovery of new therapeutic targets. MT1DP, a type of lncRNA, has been shown to be highly expressed in a variety of malignancies and is closely related to the development of tumors (5,7,15). Recent studies have found that MT1DP is closely related to the miR-365/NRF-2 axis (6). NRF-2 has been shown to play a critical role in IDD development via various pathways including the AKT-ERK1/2-NRF-2 signaling pathway (16), the Keap1/NRF-2/p62 feedback loop (8), and the NRF-2/ARE and MARK signaling pathways (17). All these studies indicated that NRF-2 has a central function in IDD development, which suggests that MT1DP/miR-365 may also have some regulatory effect in the development of IDD. The present study also demonstrated that MT1DP expression was significantly up-regulated in degenerated IVD NP tissues and cells, suggesting that MT1DP may be involved in the occurrence and development of IDD.

Apoptosis of the NPCs of the IVD plays an important role in the IDD process, of which the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway has also been shown to be important (18). Mitochondria regulate endogenous and exogenous apoptotic pathways through caspase-dependent and non-caspase-dependent pathways. Bcl-2 and caspases are evolutionarily conserved protein families in eukaryotes. Bcl-2 can prevent the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of NPCs, while caspases mediate the initiation and execution of apoptosis. Caspase-3 is the caspase involved in apoptosis, and silencing caspase-3 in vitro by mechanical overload can reduce the apoptosis of NPCs, thereby inhibiting IDD.(19) This current study demonstrated that the expression of these two key protein family members was altered following MT1DP overexpression in NPCs, suggesting that MP1DT could activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in NPCs by down-regulating Bcl-2 and up-regulating caspase-3. These results, together with reports in the literature, suggested that MT1DP regulated the balance between pro-apoptotic and apoptotic molecules in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and the expression of MP1DP determined the sensitivity of NPCs to apoptotic stimuli.

Limit to the sample sizes, we had to admit there's insufficiency in sample imaging but we'll further expand the sample of each group and display some more convincing proofs.

Conclusions

The combination of lncRNA MT1DP and miR-365 damaged the cell mitochondrial membrane, reduced mitochondrial function and the ability to eliminate ROS, and increased cell apoptosis, thereby leading to LDH. MT1DP played a role in the promotion of apoptosis of the degenerated IVD NPCs by targeting miR-365, which may be related to the inhibition of the NRF-2 pathway. Our study further elucidated the mechanisms by which MT1DP promotes the progression of IDD, and this may provide novel ideas for the treatment of degenerative diseases ().

Figure 6

The combination of lnc-MT1DP and miR-365 damaged the cell mitochondrial membrane, reduced mitochondrial function, reduced the ability to eliminate ROS, increased cell apoptosis, and caused lumbar disc herniation. lnc, long non-coding; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

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