Influence of Severe Gastrointestinal Complications in Primary Gastrointestinal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the clinical characteristics of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), obstruction (GIO), and perforation (GIP) in patients with primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PGI-DLBCL) and the influence on long-term survival.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 148 patients with PGI-DLBCL admitted to Peking University First Hospital from August 1994 to May 2018. The clinical characteristics of GIB, GIO, and GIP before and after chemotherapy were recorded. The associated overall survival and progression-free survival were analyzed.
RESULTS: Among 148 patients, 56.8% had gastrointestinal complications (GICs), including GIB, GIO, GIP, and multiple complications, and 22.6% of them occurred after chemotherapy, mostly during the first 4 cycles. The most common clinical manifestations of patients with GICs were abdominal pain or discomfort (79.8%), hematemesis or melena (22.6%), and abnormal bowel habits (17.9%). Patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score ≥2, tumor mass ≥10 cm, or intestinal involvement had significantly higher risk of severe GICs as initial manifestations. Among 130 patients who received chemotherapy, B symptoms, tumor mass ≥10 cm, and Lugano stage (IIE, IV) strongly correlated with GICs after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). Rituximab did not increase the risk of GICs. GICs which occurred before or after chemotherapy reduced the objective response rate at the end of chemotherapy. The prognosis of patients was significantly worsened by GIP, GIB, or multiple complications after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). GIB at presentation or GIO before or after chemotherapy had no prognostic value (both P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: GICs adversely affect the quality of life, prolong the length of hospitalization, and shorten the long-term survival of patients with PGI-DLBCL.

Introduction

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for ~32.5% of all non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma every year, and it is the most common subtype.1 Among patients diagnosed as DLBCL, approximately 32% involve primary extra-nodal sites, while the gastrointestinal tract is the most common primary extra-nodal site (34%).2 Gastrointestinal complications (GICs), including gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), obstruction (GIO) and perforation (GIP), cause particular diagnostic and management problems in primary gastrointestinal (PGI) DLBCL, and DLBCL is the most easily perforated gastrointestinal lymphoma.3 Although unusual, severe GICs in PGI-DLBCL can lead to delaying and complicating chemotherapy, decreasing the quality of life, prolonging hospitalization, and even mortality. However, the available data related to GICs in PGI-DLBCL are insufficient.4–7 Therefore, the present study explored two main issues in PGI-DLBCL: the clinical characteristics of severe GICs before and after chemotherapy, and the influence of severe GICs on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Subjects and Methods

Subjects

This retrospective study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital and Institute and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For inclusion, patients met the diagnostic criteria for primary gastrointestinal lymphoma as defined by Dawson et al,8 and the World Health Organization’s classification of lymphoid neoplasms;9 and had not received any lymphoma treatment before enrollment. Patients with any of the following were excluded: infected with human immunodeficiency virus; younger than 18 years; or participation in other clinical trials.

Thus, 157 patients were initially included in this study from August 1994 to May 2018. However, eight patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical data. Stage and therapy responses were evaluated by imaging and endoscopic examination. The stage of PGI-DLBCL was based on the definitions of the Lugano Staging System.10 Therapy responses were accessed according to the Lymphoma Response Criteria.11

Therapy Regiments

Patients were mainly treated with the following three therapeutic modalities: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or CHOP-like regimens with or without rituximab were the most common treatments. Patients were followed up every three months for the first three years after chemotherapy, every six months in the fourth and fifth years, and then every year. The last follow-up date was 31 July 2018.

Definition of Severe GICs

Severe GICs were confirmed by clinical tests, imaging, or surgery. Furthermore, severe GICs were recorded from initial manifestation to the last follow-up or death. Severe GIB was defined as overt bleeding (hematemesis, melena, and/or bloody stools) or occult bleeding (positive occult blood and drop in hemoglobin of ≥2 g/dL),12 and hemoglobin < 10 g/dL was required simultaneously. GIO, including partial obstruction and complete obstruction, was defined as the absence of passage of flatus or feces, which was confirmed by imaging, endoscopy, or surgery.13 GIP was considered to be the presence of free air under the diaphragm on abdominal imaging, or intestinal perforation during laparotomy, with or without localized abscess or peritonitis.3 During the course of the disease, if two or more of the above complications occurred, this was considered as multiple complications.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical software used in this study was IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Correlations between variables were assessed by Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Univariate survival analysis was carried out by Kaplan-Meier and Log rank tests. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.

Results

Clinical Characteristics

A total of 148 patients with PGI-DLBCL were included, of which 84 suffered from severe GICs. Among these 84 patients, abdominal pain or discomfort (79.8%, 67/84) was the predominant symptom, followed by hematemesis or black stools (22.6%, 19/84) and abnormal bowel habits (17.9%, 15/84). Furthermore, 11 patients had complications before and after chemotherapy, and there were 95 complication events among them (Table 1). Of the 95 cases of severe GICs, there were 76 and 19 cases as the initial manifestation and after chemotherapy, respectively. Of the 76 patients with severe GICs as the initial manifestation, there were 35, 19, 4, and 18 with specifically GIB, GIO, GIP, and multiple complications. Of the 19 patients with severe GICs after chemotherapy, there were 6, 5, 2, and 6 patients with GIB, GIO, GIP, and multiple complications.

Table 1

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Severe GICs Before and After Chemotherapy

Items		Before Chemotherapy (n= 148)			After Chemotherapy (n=130)
		No (n=72)	Have (n= 76)	P	No (n=111)	Have (n =19)	P
Age	≤65	48 (66.7%)	41 (53.9%)	0.114	71 (64.0%)	11 (57.9%)	0.612
	>65	24 (33.3%)	35 (46.1%)		40 (36.0%)	8 (42.1%)
Sex	Female	26 (36.1%)	29 (38.2%)	0.797	44 (39.6%)	6 (31.6%)	0.505
	Male	46 (63.9%)	47 (61.8%)		67 (60.4%)	13 (68.4%)
Performance status	ECOG 0/1	32 (44.4%)	20 (26.3%)	0.021	45 (40.5%)	4 (21.1%)	0.105
	ECOG ≥2	40 (55.6%)	56 (73.7%)		66 (59.5%)	15 (78.9%)
B symptoms	Absent	30 (41.7%)	24 (31.6%)	0.203	45 (40.5%)	2 (10.5%)	0.012
	Present	42 (58.3%)	52 (68.4%)		66 (59.5%)	17 (89.5%)
Tumor mass (cm)	<10	62 (86.1%)	55 (72.4%)	0.040	92 (82.9%)	11 (57.9%)	0.030
	≥10	10 (13.9%)	21 (27.6%)		19 (17.1%)	8 (42.1%)
Stage (Lugano)	I–II2	39 (41.7%)	41 (53.9%)	0.979	63 (56.8%)	6 (31.6%)	0.042
	IIE-IV	33 (45.8%)	35 (46.1%)		48 (43.2%)	13 (68.4%)
LDH	Normal	42 (58.3%)	44 (57.9%)	0.895	65 (58.6%)	11 (57.9%)	0.340
	Increased	26 (36.1%)	26 (34.2%)		39 (35.1%)	8 (42.1%)
	No data	4 (5.6%)	6 (7.9%)		7 (6.3%)	0
Stage modified IPI	≤2	38 (52.8%)	31 (40.8%)	0.571	57 (51.4%)	6 (31.6%)	0.103
	≥3	34 (47.2%)	44 (57.9%)		53 (47.7%)	13 (68.4%)
	No data	0	1 (1.3%)		1 (0.9%)	0
Major involved sites	Stomach	50 (69.4%)	33 (43.4%)	0.001	63 (56.8%)	11 (57.9%)	0.926
	Intestine	22 (30.6%)	43 (56.6%)		48 (43.2%)	8 (42.1%)
Response after treatment	Complete remission	54 (75.0%)	40 (52.6%)	0.010	83 (74.8%)	5 (26.3%)	0.001
	Partial remission	10 (13.9%)	14 (18.4%)		15 (13.5%)	6 (31.6%)
	Relapse or disease progression	8 (11.1%)	22 (28.9%)		13 (11.7%)	8 (42.1%)
Rituximab	No	NA	NA	NA	30 (27.0%)	4 (21.1%)	0.791
	Yes	NA	NA		81 (73.0%)	15 (78.9%)

Abbreviations: GICs, gastrointestinal complications; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; IPI, International Prognostic Index.

Before chemotherapy, between patients with and without GICs, there were significant differences in performance status (ECOG ≥2, P = 0.021), tumor size (≥10 cm, P = 0.040) and major involved sites (intestine, P = 0.001; Table 1). After chemotherapy, B symptoms (P = 0.012), tumor size (≥10 cm, P = 0.030), and Lugano stage (IIE-IV, P = 0.042) were observed more frequently in patients with GICs than in those without GICs. Rituximab did not increase the risk of GICs. Before and after chemotherapy, severe GICs negatively correlated with objective response rate at the end of chemotherapy.

Subgroup Analysis Based on Complication Types

The median follow-up time was 36.70 months (range from 0.2 to 269.8 months), and the 3-year PFS and OS of the entire cohort were 55.9% and 66.6%, respectively. Before chemotherapy, patients with GICs had similar OS as did those without GICs (3-year OS, 62.1% cf. 71.2%, P = 0.161; Figure 1B), but they had worse PFS (3-year PFS, 46.6% cf. 65.7%, P = 0.023; Figure 1A). After chemotherapy, patients with GICs had significantly shorter 3-year PFS and OS compared with those without GICs (3-year PFS: 21.1% cf. 66.3%, P < 0.001; 3-year OS: 36.8% cf. 75.9%, P = 0.001; Figure 1C and D).

Figure 1

GICs, gastrointestinal complications. PFS (A and C) and OS (B and D) in patients having GICs before and after chemotherapy.

GIB

Of the 148 followed patients, 35 presented with GIBs as the initial manifestation, with a median age of 64 years (18–85 years). Their mean minimum hemoglobin concentration in the presence of GIB was 8.7 g/dL. Among the 35 patients with GIB at presentation, 74.3% (26/35) showed upper GIBs confirmed by endoscopy or radiology or the attending clinician. Furthermore, 13 and 20 patients were treated with surgery plus chemotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. In this 33-patient cohort, surgery plus chemotherapy did not have a significant effect on either PFS or OS relative to chemotherapy alone (P = 0.585, P = 0.615). Furthermore, patients with GIB at the initial presentation had similar survival outcomes as did those without GICs (3-year PFS, 59.5% cf. 65.7%, P = 0.581; 3-year OS, 76.1% cf. 71.2%, P = 0.816; Figure 2A and B).

Figure 2

GIB, gastrointestinal bleeding. PFS (A and C) and OS (B and D) in patients having GIB before and after chemotherapy.

Among the 130 patients, 6 developed GIB after chemotherapy, with a median age of 70 years (60–85 years; Table 2). They had the mean minimum hemoglobin concentration of 6.7 g/dL in the presence of GIB, and 3 of them had GIB at the initial presentation. Only one patient achieved complete remission; the other five died of tumor progression. Patients with GIB after chemotherapy had worse 3-year PFS and OS compared with those who had no GICs after chemotherapy (3-year PFS, 16.7% cf. 66.3%, P < 0.001; 3-year OS, 16.7% cf. 75.9%, P < 0.001; Figure 2C and D).

Table 2

Clinical Characteristics of 19 Patients with PGI-DLBCL Who Developed GICs After Chemotherapy

Sex/Age	Site (1) †	Luganostage	Types	Site (2) *	Time (No. of Course)	Local Complication Before Chemotherapy	Treatment	Outcome of Complication	Finaloutcome
F/78	Gastric	IIE	GIB	Upper GIB	2	GIB	Conservative treatment	Get better	Died of lymphoma
F/60	Gastric	IV	GIB	Upper GIB	2	GIB	Conservative treatment	Get better	Died of lymphoma
M/65	Gastric	I	GIB	Upper GIB	3	GIB	Conservative treatment	Get better	CR 55.2 months
M/85	Intestine	IV	GIB	Lower GIB	1	NO	Conservative treatment	Get better	Died of lymphoma
F/62	Gastric	IV	GIB	Upper GIB	1	NO	Angiography	Get worse	Died of lymphoma
M/75	Gastric	IIE	GIB	Upper GIB	2	NO	Subtotal gastrectomy	Get better	Died of lymphoma
M/43	Gastric	II2	GIO	Gastric sinus	1	GIB, GIO	Conservative treatment	Get better	CR 183.1 months
F/63	Gastric	II2	GIO	Small bowel	2	GIB	Conservative treatment	Get better	CR 87.1 months
M/48	Intestine	IV	GIO	Colon	1	NO	Conservative treatment	Get better	CR 45.1 months
F/18	Intestine	II1	GIO	Ileocecal region	1	NO	Conservative treatment	Get better	CR 143.7 months
M/68	Intestine	IV	GIO	Ileocecal region	1	GIB	Salvage chemotherapy	Get better	Died of lymphoma
F/58	Intestine	IV	GIP	Small bowel	4	GIB	emergency surgery	Get better	Died of lymphoma
M/59	Intestine	IIE	GIP	ileocecal region	2	GIO	emergency surgery	Get better	CR 62.9 months
M/68	Intestine	II1	GIB, GIO	Small bowel	2,11	GIB, GIO	Salvage chemotherapy	Get better	Died of lymphoma
M/45	Intestine	IIE	GIB, GIO	Small bowel	2,2	GIO	Salvage chemotherapy	Get worse	Died of lymphoma
M/78	Gastric	II2	GIB, GIP	ileocecal region	1,2	GIB	Conservative	Get worse	Died of lymphoma
M/49	Intestine	IV	GIP, GIB	Small bowel	8,9	NO	Surgery	Get better	Died of lymphoma
M/86	Gastric	IIE	GIO, GIB	Gastric sinus	4,5	NO	Salvage chemotherapy	Get worse	Died of lymphoma
M/78	Gastric	IV	GIO, GIB	Small bowel	2,2	NO	Salvage chemotherapy	Get worse	Died of lymphoma

Notes: †Mainly involved site at initial manifestation; *mainly involved site of gastrointestinal complications.

Abbreviations: GIB, gastrointestinal bleeding; GIO, gastrointestinal obstruction; GIP, gastrointestinal perforation.

GIO

Nineteen of 148 patients had GIO as the initial manifestation with a median age of 59 years (19–86 years). Among them, 96.3% (18/19) developed intestinal obstruction, with the ileocecal region most frequently involved (42.1%, 8/19). Moreover, 15 and 4 patients received surgery plus chemotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. In this 19-patient cohort, surgery plus chemotherapy had no statistically significant effect on OS in comparison with chemotherapy (P = 0.100), but it showed significant clinical benefit on PFS (P < 0.001). Patients with GIO as the initial presentation had similar 3-year PFS and OS as did those without GICs (3-year PFS, 38.8% cf. 65.7%, P = 0.058; 3-year OS, 58.4% cf. 71.2%, P = 0.451; Figure 3A and B).

Figure 3

GIO, gastrointestinal obstruction. PFS (A and C) and OS (B and D) in patients having GIO before and after chemotherapy.

Five of the 130 patients  experienced GIO after chemotherapy, with a median age of 48 years (18–68 years; Table 2). Among them, 80% (4/5) developed intestinal obstruction, with the ileocecal region most frequently involved (40.0%, 2/5). Four of those five patients were still in complete remission at the last follow-up, but the other one patient eventually died of disease progression. Patients with GIO after chemotherapy had similar 3-year PFS and OS as did those without GICs (3-year PFS, 60.0% cf. 66.3%, P = 0.933; 3-year OS, 80.0% cf. 75.9%, P = 0.466; Figure 3C and D).

GIP

Four of the 148 patients had GIP as the initial manifestation, with a median age of 77.5 years (73–83 years). 75% (3/4) of them developed gastric perforation. All of them presented with ECOG ≥2 (100%, 4/4). Two patients underwent surgery plus chemotherapy, and 1 maintained complete remission, but the other died of disease progression. One patient died after surgical treatment. The other one patient did not undergo surgery or chemotherapy due to extensive tumor invasion and cachexia status, and he died nine days later.

Two of the 130 patients had GIP during the second and fourth chemotherapy cycles, and both of them were intestinal perforation (Table 2). After emergency surgery and chemotherapy, one patient attained complete remission and the other died of disease progression.

Multiple Complications

Eighteen of the 148 patients had multiple complications before chemotherapy, with a median age of 58 years (34–83 years). GIB plus GIO was the most common combination at initial presentation (83.3%, 15/18). The small bowel (35.3%, 6/17) was the most common obstruction site. Twelve patients received surgery plus chemotherapy, three received chemotherapy, and three received surgery. In this 18-patient cohort, patients treated with surgery plus chemotherapy experienced significantly longer PFS and OS in comparison with those who received chemotherapy alone or surgery alone (P < 0.001). Patients with multiple complications as the initial manifestation had shorter PFS and OS than did those without complications (3-year PFS, 33.3% cf. 65.7%, P = 0.003; 3-year OS, 44.4% cf. 71.2%, P = 0.025; Figure 4A and B).

Figure 4

MC, multiple complications. PFS (A and C) and OS (B and D) in patients having multiple complications before and after chemotherapy.

Six of the 130 patients had multiple complications after chemotherapy, with a median age of 58 years (34–83 years; Table 2), and all of them were men. Three of them had GICs before chemotherapy. GIB plus GIO was the most common combination after chemotherapy (66.7%, 4/6). All those six patients eventually died, despite aggressive resuscitation. Patients with multiple complications after chemotherapy had worse PFS and OS than did those without complications after chemotherapy (3-year PFS, 0.00% cf. 66.3%; 3-year OS, 0.00% cf. 75.9%; both P < 0.001; Figure 4C and D).

Discussion

In the past 20 years, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of PGI-DLBCL have undergone profound changes, and treatment has shifted away from surgery. However, the management of severe GICs remains a clinical challenge. To accumulate evidence-based medicine, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical features and influences of severe GICs in 148 patients with PGI-DLBCL. Our results showed that, among the 84 patients with severe GICs, the most common clinical manifestations were abdominal pain or discomfort, hematemesis or black stools, and changes in bowel habits. Patients with ECOG ≥2, tumor mass (≥10 cm), or involvement of the intestine were more likely to present with GICs. Patients with GICs as the initial manifestation had a lower objective response rate at the end of chemotherapy and had significantly worse PFS compared with those without GICs initially, while such a disadvantage showed no significant effect on OS. This may be attributed to delayed chemotherapy, intolerance of chemotherapy, insufficient dose of chemotherapy drugs, or the development of new complications. In addition, B symptoms, tumor mass (≥10 cm) and Lugano stage (IIE, IV) significantly correlated with GICs after chemotherapy. However, rituximab did not increase the risk of GICs.14 GICs after chemotherapy reduced the objective response rate at the end of chemotherapy and had a significant negative influence on both PFS and OS.

In this study, the incidence rates of GIB before and after chemotherapy were 23.6% and 4.6% respectively. The reasons for GIB may include active lymphoma, chemotherapy-induced ischemia, larger tumor size, and infections (particularly Cytomegalovirus and Candida).15,16 Most of the affected cases were upper GIB, which is consistent with one previous study, and in that study, tumor with upper GIB was more aggressive than lower GIB tumors.17 In the present study, GIB after chemotherapy usually occurred during the first 3 cycles of chemotherapy. GIB before chemotherapy did not significantly affect OS or PFS. Because bleeding is more alerting than other non-specific symptoms (such as abdominal pain or bloating), it can provide opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment. In contrast, even though most GIB after chemotherapy appeared to improve, these patients had significantly shorter OS and PFS than those without GICs after chemotherapy. As reported by Spectre et al,15 GIB after chemotherapy may be considered a risk factor for poor prognosis in PGI-DLBCL. In addition, for patients in the current study with GIB initially, surgery had no significant effect on either PFS or OS. This may be because surgery will cause serious damage to the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, increase the risk of perioperative GICs, delay chemotherapy, and cause malabsorption syndrome, thereby reducing the quality of life of patients and affecting the prognosis.18

In the current study, the incidence rates of GIO before and after chemotherapy were 12.8% and 3.8%, respectively. Several factors may contribute to GIO, including benign causes (eg, local edema, adhesions, and intestinal paralysis caused by chemotherapy), or malignant causes (recurrent cancer).15,16 Patients with tumor mass or intestinal involvement are prone to GIO, and the ileocecal region is the most common obstruction site. GIO after chemotherapy usually occurred during the first 2 cycles of chemotherapy. In addition, our results suggested that GIO occurred before or after chemotherapy had no significant effect on PFS or OS, which is similar with one previous study.15 It may be that mechanical obstruction leads to earlier diagnosis and early treatment. Furthermore, we found that patients who developed GIO after chemotherapy usually had a history of surgery before chemotherapy, and most of their symptoms could be relieved after conservative treatment. Therefore, GIO after chemotherapy in this study may develop from benign causes. However, it can be observed that GIO can really affect the quality of life and delay chemotherapy.

In this study, the incidence rates of GIP before and after chemotherapy were 2.7% and 1.5%, respectively, which was lower than in other reports.3,19 GIP after chemotherapy occurred in the second and fourth cycles. Perforation can be caused by spontaneous tumor necrosis, chemotherapy, or cytotoxic drug-induced ulcer progression, usually in the context of corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment.16 Perforation can delay and complicate chemotherapy, and adversely affect the long-term survival of patients who may die from the perforation or its complications.3,19 The data of GIP in our study is limited.

The incidence rates of multiple complications before and after chemotherapy were 12.2% and 4.6%, respectively. No other studies have detailed multiple complications. It is important to note this situation, because multiple complications have a significant adverse effect on the long-term survival of patients whether before or after chemotherapy. In this study, patients with advanced stage or tumor mass were more likely to have multiple complications. Multiple complications after chemotherapy usually developed during the first 4 cycles of chemotherapy. GIB plus GIO was the most common combination. The mortality rates of patients with multiple complications before or after chemotherapy were 66.7% and 100%, even though some complications improved at that time after aggressive resuscitation. The significantly lower overall survival may indicate that tumors are highly invasive and require high vigilance and reasonable management.

Therefore, more attention and optimal treatment should be adopted to reduce the incidence of fatal GICs and improve the GICs that have already occurred. Firstly, for patients with high-risk GIB, such as those with advanced age, tumor mass, history of peptic ulcers, or using antiplatelet agents, a proton pump inhibitor is recommended to prevent GIB during chemotherapy. Furthermore, based on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and the Ki-67 proliferation index, we tend to appropriately reduce the dose of drugs (such as corticosteroids and anthracyclines) that may damage the mucosa in the first 2 chemotherapy cycles. Helicobacter pylori infection should be screened and treated if necessary.20,21 When active GIB is suspected, the patient should be managed as any other high-risk GIB. The Rockall score and Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score can be utilized to evaluate risk of adverse outcomes and the need for intervention in upper GIB.22,23 Experienced endoscopists must be involved from the beginning,24,25 but should be wary of rebleeding after endoscopic management.17 Transcatheter arterial embolization is the next choice for identifying GIB sites, but also shows limited efficacy to manage GI lymphoma-related bleeding due to high rebleeding at new sites.26 Surgery is required to treat rebleeding when necessary.25,27 Secondly, patients with a heavy tumor burden, intestinal involvement, or a surgical history should be monitored for GIO. Vincristine, which may induce intestinal paralysis,28 can be postponed in the first cycle in older or unfit patients. Other preventive measures include maintaining electrolyte balance, care taken with opioids and drugs inhibiting bowel motility, and a low-fiber diet. A suction probe can be installed in patients with high-risk of occlusion. Surgery does not improve the long-term survival of patients with GIO.29 Unless strangulation is suspected and requires emergency surgery, conservative management with analgesia, intravenous infusion, nutritional support, and rhino-endoscopic suction should be used initially. The chemotherapy regimen could be adjusted if necessary. Thirdly, increased vigilance and active surveillance are needed in patients with ECOG ≥2 or beyond the initial treatment time, because they have a high risk for GIP. Significantly hypermetabolic foci on PET-CT or a higher Ki-67 level in the pathology indicate that tumor cells proliferated vigorously and are sensitive to chemotherapy, which may lead to tumor lysis syndrome and thus GIP. A drug dose that may easily cause mucosal damage and tumor lysis syndrome can be appropriately reduced to balance the destruction due to chemotherapy and mucosal repair in the first 2 cycles. Protective measures need to be adopted, such as an adjunctive proton pump inhibitor. Patients with new abdominal pain during treatment should receive a prompt physical examination and evaluation of free air in the abdomen with appropriate imaging. A delay in diagnosis and treatment results in increased mortality. Surgery is recommended as long as the patient is in good health. All in all, our clinical experience suggests that the most appropriate style of intervention depends on tumor location, complication type, tumor burden, and severity of GICs. Of course, more high-quality evidence is needed to find the optimal treatment for patients with GICs.

This is a single-center retrospective study on a limited scale, especially with a small number of GIB, GIO, GIP, and multiple complications after chemotherapy. A prospective trial is warranted to explore appropriate predictors of GIB, GIO, and GIP. It was recently reported that ibrutinib plus lenalidomide and rituximab in relapsed/refractory non-germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL showed an encouraging result.30 Whether a chemotherapy-free regimen can decrease the occurrence of GICs associated chemotherapy in patients with PGI-DLBCL is worth exploring.

Conclusion

Patients with PGI-DLBCL usually develop GIB, GIO, or GIP, whether these present as the initial manifestation or after chemotherapy. Gastrointestinal complications greatly degrade quality of life, prolong hospitalization, and reduce the long-term survival of patients. The current results warrant further validation by larger studies.