Nicole B Lyons1, Karla Bernardi2, Oscar A Olavarria3, Puja Shah4, Naila Dhanani5, Michele Loor6, Julie L Holihan7, Mike K Liang8. 1. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: lyons.nicole.b@gmail.com. 2. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: karlabernardi.m@gmail.com. 3. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: oscar.a.olavarria@uth.tmc.edu. 4. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: shah.puja33@gmail.com. 5. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: naila.dhanani@uth.tmc.edu. 6. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: michele.loor@bcm.edu. 7. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: julie.l.holihan@uth.tmc.edu. 8. Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: mike.liang@uth.tmc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Disparity exists between men and women physicians. We aimed to examine changes in gender disparity in the medical profession over the last two decades. The study reviewed publications on gender differences and the measures which have been implemented or suggested to rectify these disparities. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched in December 2019 using ("gender disparity" OR "gender gap" OR "pay gap" OR "gender discrimination") from 1998-2019. The sources list of reviewed articles was also used to retrieve more relevant articles. Articles about physicians in the United States were included, and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. RESULTS: In this systematic review that includes 49 studies, there is still disparity and discrimination in research, leadership, and pay between male and female physicians. Women have less leadership roles and progress at a slower rate to associate and full professor. Women publish less articles and have a lower h-index than men. Men earn $20,000 more a year after salary adjustment. More women than men experience negative comments about their gender (36% vs 4%), experience gender discrimination (65% vs 10%) and sexual harassment (30% vs 6%). CONCLUSIONS: Although substantial research exists on this topic, there remains significant room for improvement to achieve gender equality. Institutions and individuals should implement interventions to rectify this disparity .
BACKGROUND: Disparity exists between men and women physicians. We aimed to examine changes in gender disparity in the medical profession over the last two decades. The study reviewed publications on gender differences and the measures which have been implemented or suggested to rectify these disparities. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched in December 2019 using ("gender disparity" OR "gender gap" OR "pay gap" OR "gender discrimination") from 1998-2019. The sources list of reviewed articles was also used to retrieve more relevant articles. Articles about physicians in the United States were included, and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. RESULTS: In this systematic review that includes 49 studies, there is still disparity and discrimination in research, leadership, and pay between male and female physicians. Women have less leadership roles and progress at a slower rate to associate and full professor. Women publish less articles and have a lower h-index than men. Men earn $20,000 more a year after salary adjustment. More women than men experience negative comments about their gender (36% vs 4%), experience gender discrimination (65% vs 10%) and sexual harassment (30% vs 6%). CONCLUSIONS: Although substantial research exists on this topic, there remains significant room for improvement to achieve gender equality. Institutions and individuals should implement interventions to rectify this disparity .
Authors: Laura Snell; Chantal R Valiquette; Emma Avery; Syena Moltaji; Christopher R Forrest Journal: Plast Surg (Oakv) Date: 2022-03-24 Impact factor: 0.558
Authors: Allison R Larson; Meridith J Englander; Quentin R Youmans; Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez; Fatima Cody Stanford; Sheritta A Strong; Howard Y Liu; Julie K Silver Journal: Health Equity Date: 2022-02-01