Elisabet Henderson1, Alessandra Lugo2, Xiaoqiu Liu2, Xavier Continente3, Esteve Fernández4, Maria J López5, Silvano Gallus2. 1. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. 2. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy. 3. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. 4. Tobacco Control Unit, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain. 5. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mjlopez@aspb.cat.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Secondhand smoke (SHS) causes morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate SHS presence in outdoor areas from 12 European countries and its association with country-level characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed in 2017-2018 within the TackSHS project. We conducted a face-to-face survey on a representative sample of the population aged 15 years and older from 12 European countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. Out of 11,902 participants, 8,562 were non-smokers. SHS presence was assessed in selected outdoor areas and defined as respondents viewing someone smoking the last time they visited each setting within the last 6 months. A ranking score for outdoor SHS presence was assigned to each country based on the SHS presence in each setting. We used Spearman's correlation (r) and the Chi-squared tests to assess the relationship between SHS presence and country-level characteristics. RESULTS: Except for children's playgrounds (39.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 37.6%-41.3%), more than half of non-smokers reported SHS presence in outdoor areas: schools (52.0%; 95%CI: 50.2%-53.7%), stadia (57.4%; 95%CI: 55.4%-59.4%), parks (67.3%; 95%CI: 66.0%-68.5%), hospitals (67.3%; 95%CI: 65.8%-68.7%), public transport stops (69.9%; 95%CI: 68.6%-71.2%), bar/restaurant terraces (71.4%; 95%CI: 70.2%-72.6%), and beaches (72.8%; 95%CI: 71.4%-74.1%). Residents in Latvia showed the highest overall outdoor SHS presence rank, followed by Greece, and Portugal. Outdoor SHS presence was directly correlated to the country's smoking prevalence (r = 0.64), and inversely correlated to the Tobacco Control Scale 2016 overall score (r = -0.62), the socio-demographic index 2017 (r = -0.56), and Gross Domestic Product per capita 2018 (r = -0.47) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SHS presence is high in most outdoor areas in Europe, especially in countries with higher smoking prevalence and lower tobacco control performance. To address outdoor SHS exposure, our findings require considering smoking bans along with other strategies to reduce smoking prevalence.
INTRODUCTION: Secondhand smoke (SHS) causes morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate SHS presence in outdoor areas from 12 European countries and its association with country-level characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed in 2017-2018 within the TackSHS project. We conducted a face-to-face survey on a representative sample of the population aged 15 years and older from 12 European countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. Out of 11,902 participants, 8,562 were non-smokers. SHS presence was assessed in selected outdoor areas and defined as respondents viewing someone smoking the last time they visited each setting within the last 6 months. A ranking score for outdoor SHS presence was assigned to each country based on the SHS presence in each setting. We used Spearman's correlation (r) and the Chi-squared tests to assess the relationship between SHS presence and country-level characteristics. RESULTS: Except for children's playgrounds (39.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 37.6%-41.3%), more than half of non-smokers reported SHS presence in outdoor areas: schools (52.0%; 95%CI: 50.2%-53.7%), stadia (57.4%; 95%CI: 55.4%-59.4%), parks (67.3%; 95%CI: 66.0%-68.5%), hospitals (67.3%; 95%CI: 65.8%-68.7%), public transport stops (69.9%; 95%CI: 68.6%-71.2%), bar/restaurant terraces (71.4%; 95%CI: 70.2%-72.6%), and beaches (72.8%; 95%CI: 71.4%-74.1%). Residents in Latvia showed the highest overall outdoor SHS presence rank, followed by Greece, and Portugal. Outdoor SHS presence was directly correlated to the country's smoking prevalence (r = 0.64), and inversely correlated to the Tobacco Control Scale 2016 overall score (r = -0.62), the socio-demographic index 2017 (r = -0.56), and Gross Domestic Product per capita 2018 (r = -0.47) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SHS presence is high in most outdoor areas in Europe, especially in countries with higher smoking prevalence and lower tobacco control performance. To address outdoor SHS exposure, our findings require considering smoking bans along with other strategies to reduce smoking prevalence.
Authors: Peter Bai James; Abdulai Jawo Bah; John Alimamy Kabba; Said Abasse Kassim; Philip Ayizem Dalinjong Journal: Arch Public Health Date: 2022-04-14
Authors: Leonieke J Breunis; Maud Versteylen; Márta K Radó; Nazmi Dereci; Nienke W Boderie; Marlou L A de Kroon; Jasper V Been Journal: Tob Prev Cessat Date: 2022-02-17