Zhang Hongli1,2, Xueyuan Bi3, Nanbo Zheng2, Chao Li1, Kangkang Yan4. 1. Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. 2. Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China. 3. Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, China. 4. Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are associated with several diseases, and studies on the joint effects of smoking and drinking are rare. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality in a contemporary cohort. METHODS: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is an ongoing nationally representative survey of subjects aged over 45 years in China that was performed every two years for a total of three waves from 2011 to 2015 in China. We used weighted logistic regression models to estimate the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality. RESULTS: After adjusting for prespecified confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) of all-cause mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.09-2.10) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.03-2.08) in smokers and smokers/drinkers, respectively. Compared with nonsmokers/nondrinkers, the OR of smokers/drinkers for premature death was 3.14 (95% CI: 1.56-6.34). In the female subgroup, there was an approximately 5-fold (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.00-12.27) odds of premature mortality for smokers/drinkers compared to nonsmokers/nondrinkers. CONCLUSION: This study found a joint effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality among a contemporary and nationally representative cohort in China. Our results suggested that the joint effects were more pronounced in women, but further research is needed.
BACKGROUND:Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are associated with several diseases, and studies on the joint effects of smoking and drinking are rare. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality in a contemporary cohort. METHODS: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is an ongoing nationally representative survey of subjects aged over 45 years in China that was performed every two years for a total of three waves from 2011 to 2015 in China. We used weighted logistic regression models to estimate the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality. RESULTS: After adjusting for prespecified confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) of all-cause mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.09-2.10) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.03-2.08) in smokers and smokers/drinkers, respectively. Compared with nonsmokers/nondrinkers, the OR of smokers/drinkers for premature death was 3.14 (95% CI: 1.56-6.34). In the female subgroup, there was an approximately 5-fold (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.00-12.27) odds of premature mortality for smokers/drinkers compared to nonsmokers/nondrinkers. CONCLUSION: This study found a joint effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality among a contemporary and nationally representative cohort in China. Our results suggested that the joint effects were more pronounced in women, but further research is needed.
Authors: Angela M Wood; Stephen Kaptoge; Adam S Butterworth; Peter Willeit; Samantha Warnakula; Thomas Bolton; Ellie Paige; Dirk S Paul; Michael Sweeting; Stephen Burgess; Steven Bell; William Astle; David Stevens; Albert Koulman; Randi M Selmer; W M Monique Verschuren; Shinichi Sato; Inger Njølstad; Mark Woodward; Veikko Salomaa; Børge G Nordestgaard; Bu B Yeap; Astrid Fletcher; Olle Melander; Lewis H Kuller; Beverley Balkau; Michael Marmot; Wolfgang Koenig; Edoardo Casiglia; Cyrus Cooper; Volker Arndt; Oscar H Franco; Patrik Wennberg; John Gallacher; Agustín Gómez de la Cámara; Henry Völzke; Christina C Dahm; Caroline E Dale; Manuela M Bergmann; Carlos J Crespo; Yvonne T van der Schouw; Rudolf Kaaks; Leon A Simons; Pagona Lagiou; Josje D Schoufour; Jolanda M A Boer; Timothy J Key; Beatriz Rodriguez; Conchi Moreno-Iribas; Karina W Davidson; James O Taylor; Carlotta Sacerdote; Robert B Wallace; J Ramon Quiros; Rosario Tumino; Dan G Blazer; Allan Linneberg; Makoto Daimon; Salvatore Panico; Barbara Howard; Guri Skeie; Timo Strandberg; Elisabete Weiderpass; Paul J Nietert; Bruce M Psaty; Daan Kromhout; Elena Salamanca-Fernandez; Stefan Kiechl; Harlan M Krumholz; Sara Grioni; Domenico Palli; José M Huerta; Jackie Price; Johan Sundström; Larraitz Arriola; Hisatomi Arima; Ruth C Travis; Demosthenes B Panagiotakos; Anna Karakatsani; Antonia Trichopoulou; Tilman Kühn; Diederick E Grobbee; Elizabeth Barrett-Connor; Natasja van Schoor; Heiner Boeing; Kim Overvad; Jussi Kauhanen; Nick Wareham; Claudia Langenberg; Nita Forouhi; Maria Wennberg; Jean-Pierre Després; Mary Cushman; Jackie A Cooper; Carlos J Rodriguez; Masaru Sakurai; Jonathan E Shaw; Matthew Knuiman; Trudy Voortman; Christa Meisinger; Anne Tjønneland; Hermann Brenner; Luigi Palmieri; Jean Dallongeville; Eric J Brunner; Gerd Assmann; Maurizio Trevisan; Richard F Gillum; Ian Ford; Naveed Sattar; Mariana Lazo; Simon G Thompson; Pietro Ferrari; David A Leon; George Davey Smith; Richard Peto; Rod Jackson; Emily Banks; Emanuele Di Angelantonio; John Danesh Journal: Lancet Date: 2018-04-14 Impact factor: 202.731
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