Kelssy Hitomi Dos Santos Kawata1, Yuki Ueno1,2, Ryuichiro Hashimoto3,4,5, Shinya Yoshino1,6, Kazusa Ohta1,7, Atsushi Nishida8, Shuntaro Ando7,8, Hironori Nakatani1,9, Kiyoto Kasai7,10,11,12, Shinsuke Koike1,10,11,12. 1. Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 2. Center for Advanced School Education and Evidence-based Research (CASEER), Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 3. Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan. 4. Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. 5. Research Center for Language, Brain and Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. 6. Graduate School of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. 7. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 8. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan. 9. Department of Information Media Technology, School of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan. 10. UTokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 11. The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 12. UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behaviour (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on metacognitive ability were explored using self-report questionnaires that are difficult to adequately measure and evaluate when the capacity for self-reference is undeveloped. This study aimed to validate the Congruency-based Metacognition Scale (CMS) to measure metacognition and the feeling of confidence abilities and to investigate the development of metacognition during adolescence. METHODS: The CMS was administered to 633 child-parent pairs in Japan (child, mean age = 16.0 years, 46.0% female; parent, mean age = 48.3 years, 94.9% mother). The CMS metacognition score was assessed based on congruency scores between the self-report of the child from a third-person perspective (3PP) and the parent's report from the first-person perspective (1PP). The CMS self-judgment accuracy score was assessed by the congruency scores between the children's self-report from the 1PP and 3PP. For both measures, the more distant the 3PP on the self-report was from the 1PP on the parent's report and child self-report means low ability. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to examine construct validity and then a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Criterion validity was examined by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients with scores on the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) and Autism Quotient (AQ). We used intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha to examine the test-retest and internal consistency reliability. RESULTS: Based on the results of the EFA and CFA, we adopted one factor structure with five items. The CMS metacognition and CMS self-judgment accuracy showed evidence criterion validity, exhibiting significant correlations with the BCIS self-reflectiveness (r = 0.16) and self-certainty scores (r = 0.17), respectively. Regarding to the AQ, only the CMS metacognition score had significant correlations with the social skills (r = 0.22) and total scale score (r = 0.20). The test-retest reliability showed adequate (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.70-0.81 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.63-0.59). Adolescents were found to have significantly lower metacognitive ability compared to young adults. CONCLUSION: CMS could be a valid and reliable measure to examine metacognitive abilities for adolescents.
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on metacognitive ability were explored using self-report questionnaires that are difficult to adequately measure and evaluate when the capacity for self-reference is undeveloped. This study aimed to validate the Congruency-based Metacognition Scale (CMS) to measure metacognition and the feeling of confidence abilities and to investigate the development of metacognition during adolescence. METHODS: The CMS was administered to 633 child-parent pairs in Japan (child, mean age = 16.0 years, 46.0% female; parent, mean age = 48.3 years, 94.9% mother). The CMS metacognition score was assessed based on congruency scores between the self-report of the child from a third-person perspective (3PP) and the parent's report from the first-person perspective (1PP). The CMS self-judgment accuracy score was assessed by the congruency scores between the children's self-report from the 1PP and 3PP. For both measures, the more distant the 3PP on the self-report was from the 1PP on the parent's report and child self-report means low ability. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to examine construct validity and then a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Criterion validity was examined by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients with scores on the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) and Autism Quotient (AQ). We used intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha to examine the test-retest and internal consistency reliability. RESULTS: Based on the results of the EFA and CFA, we adopted one factor structure with five items. The CMS metacognition and CMS self-judgment accuracy showed evidence criterion validity, exhibiting significant correlations with the BCIS self-reflectiveness (r = 0.16) and self-certainty scores (r = 0.17), respectively. Regarding to the AQ, only the CMS metacognition score had significant correlations with the social skills (r = 0.22) and total scale score (r = 0.20). The test-retest reliability showed adequate (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.70-0.81 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.63-0.59). Adolescents were found to have significantly lower metacognitive ability compared to young adults. CONCLUSION: CMS could be a valid and reliable measure to examine metacognitive abilities for adolescents.
Authors: Nathan A Fox; Heather A Henderson; Peter J Marshall; Kate E Nichols; Melissa M Ghera Journal: Annu Rev Psychol Date: 2005 Impact factor: 24.137
Authors: Jesus Montero-Marin; Matthew Allwood; Susan Ball; Catherine Crane; Katherine De Wilde; Verena Hinze; Benjamin Jones; Liz Lord; Elizabeth Nuthall; Anam Raja; Laura Taylor; Kate Tudor; Sarah-Jayne Blakemore; Sarah Byford; Tim Dalgleish; Tamsin Ford; Mark T Greenberg; Obioha C Ukoumunne; J Mark G Williams; Willem Kuyken Journal: Evid Based Ment Health Date: 2022-07-12