Rebecca A Guy1, Christine A Yanta2, Pia K Muchaal3, Marisa A Rankin2, Karine Thivierge4, Rachel Lau5, Andrea K Boggild5,6,7. 1. Parasite Biology Unit/Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada. rebecca.guy@canada.ca. 2. Parasite Biology Unit/Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada. 3. Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Woodlawn Road West, Guelph, ON, N1H 7M7, Canada. 4. Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 20045, chemin Sainte-Marie, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3R5, Canada. 5. Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada. 6. Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada. 7. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease with global distribution. It has been a reportable disease in Canada since 2000; however, routine molecular surveillance is not conducted. Therefore, sources of contamination are unknown. The aim of this project was to identify species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in clinical cases from Ontario, the largest province in Canada, representing one third of the Canadian population, in order to understand transmission patterns. METHODS: A total of 169 frozen, banked, unpreserved stool specimens that were microscopy positive for Cryptosporidium over the period 2008-2017 were characterized using molecular tools. A subset of the 169 specimens were replicate samples from individual cases. DNA was extracted directly from the stool and nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing was conducted targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and glycoprotein 60 (gp60) genes. RESULTS: Molecular typing data and limited demographic data were obtained for 129 cases of cryptosporidiosis. Of these cases, 91 (70.5 %) were due to Cryptosporidium parvum and 24 (18.6%) were due to Cryptosporidium hominis. Mixed infections of C. parvum and C. hominis occurred in four (3.1%) cases. Five other species observed were Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (n = 5), Cryptosporidium felis (n = 2), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1), Cryptosporidium cuniculus (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium muris (n = 1). Subtyping the gp60 gene revealed 5 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. hominis and 3 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. parvum. The most frequent subtype of C. hominis was IbA10G2 (22.3%) and of C. parvum was IIaA15G2R1 (62.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of isolates in this study were C. parvum, supporting the notion that zoonotic transmission is the main route of cryptosporidiosis transmission in Ontario. Nonetheless, the observation of C. hominis in about a quarter of cases suggests that anthroponotic transmission is also an important contributor to cryptosporidiosis pathogenesis in Ontario.
BACKGROUND:Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease with global distribution. It has been a reportable disease in Canada since 2000; however, routine molecular surveillance is not conducted. Therefore, sources of contamination are unknown. The aim of this project was to identify species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in clinical cases from Ontario, the largest province in Canada, representing one third of the Canadian population, in order to understand transmission patterns. METHODS: A total of 169 frozen, banked, unpreserved stool specimens that were microscopy positive for Cryptosporidium over the period 2008-2017 were characterized using molecular tools. A subset of the 169 specimens were replicate samples from individual cases. DNA was extracted directly from the stool and nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing was conducted targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and glycoprotein 60 (gp60) genes. RESULTS: Molecular typing data and limited demographic data were obtained for 129 cases of cryptosporidiosis. Of these cases, 91 (70.5 %) were due to Cryptosporidium parvum and 24 (18.6%) were due to Cryptosporidium hominis. Mixed infections of C. parvum and C. hominis occurred in four (3.1%) cases. Five other species observed were Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (n = 5), Cryptosporidium felis (n = 2), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1), Cryptosporidium cuniculus (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium muris (n = 1). Subtyping the gp60 gene revealed 5 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. hominis and 3 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. parvum. The most frequent subtype of C. hominis was IbA10G2 (22.3%) and of C. parvum was IIaA15G2R1 (62.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of isolates in this study were C. parvum, supporting the notion that zoonotic transmission is the main route of cryptosporidiosis transmission in Ontario. Nonetheless, the observation of C. hominis in about a quarter of cases suggests that anthroponotic transmission is also an important contributor to cryptosporidiosis pathogenesis in Ontario.
Authors: A Zintl; M Ezzaty-Mirashemi; R M Chalmers; K Elwin; G Mulcahy; F E Lucy; T DE Waal Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2011-02-01 Impact factor: 2.451
Authors: K D M Pintar; F Pollari; D Waltner-Toews; D F Charron; S A McEwen; A Fazil; A Nesbitt Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2009-06-16 Impact factor: 2.451
Authors: L A Trotz-Williams; D S Martin; W Gatei; V Cama; A S Peregrine; S W Martin; D V Nydam; F Jamieson; L Xiao Journal: Parasitol Res Date: 2006-03-25 Impact factor: 2.289
Authors: Dawn C Feltus; Catherine W Giddings; Brianna L Schneck; Timothy Monson; David Warshauer; John M McEvoy Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 2006-09-27 Impact factor: 5.948
Authors: Vipin K Menon; Pablo C Okhuysen; Cynthia L Chappell; Medhat Mahmoud; Medhat Mahmoud; Qingchang Meng; Harsha Doddapaneni; Vanesa Vee; Yi Han; Sejal Salvi; Sravya Bhamidipati; Kavya Kottapalli; George Weissenberger; Hua Shen; Matthew C Ross; Kristi L Hoffman; Sara Javornik Cregeen; Donna M Muzny; Ginger A Metcalf; Richard A Gibbs; Joseph F Petrosino; Fritz J Sedlazeck Journal: Gigascience Date: 2022-02-15 Impact factor: 6.524
Authors: Pamela C Köster; Alejandro Dashti; Begoña Bailo; Aly S Muadica; Jenny G Maloney; Mónica Santín; Carmen Chicharro; Silvia Migueláñez; Francisco J Nieto; David Cano-Terriza; Ignacio García-Bocanegra; Rafael Guerra; Francisco Ponce-Gordo; Rafael Calero-Bernal; David González-Barrio; David Carmena Journal: Animals (Basel) Date: 2021-03-05 Impact factor: 2.752