Benjamin F R Dickson1, Patricia M Graves2,3, Ni Ni Aye4, Thet Wai Nwe4, Tint Wai5, San San Win6, Myint Shwe7, Janet Douglass2,3, Peter Wood2, Kinley Wangdi8, William J McBride9. 1. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia. bfrdickson@gmail.com. 2. College of Medicine & Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia. 3. James Cook University and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Townsville, QLD, Australia. 4. Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health and Sport, Naypyitaw, Myanmar. 5. Regional Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health and Sport, Mandalay, Myanmar. 6. World Health Organization, Yangon, Myanmar. 7. General Practitioner, Mandalay, Myanmar. 8. Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 9. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15 year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27-7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94-0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31-1.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03-1.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37-58.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13-22.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30-44 years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those < 5 years and > 60 years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15-5.31), moving to one's current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12-6.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25-32.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03-0.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes.
BACKGROUND: Myanmar commenced a lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme in 2000. Whilst the country has made considerable progress since then, a number of districts have demonstrated persistent transmission after many rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). The causes of unsuccessful MDA have been examined elsewhere; however, there remains little information on the factors that contribute in Myanmar. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of factors associated with persistent infection, LF-related hydrocoele and MDA participation in an area with ongoing transmission in 2015. A cross-sectional household survey was undertaken in 24 villages across four townships of Mandalay Region. Participants were screened for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using immunochromatographic tests and, if positive, for microfilaria by night-time thick blood slide. Individuals 15 year and older were assessed for filariasis morbidity (lymphoedema and, if male, hydrocoele) by ultrasound-assisted clinical examination. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for LF and for non-participation (never taking MDA). Significant variables identified in univariate analyses were included in separate step-wise multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates and survey design, being CFA positive was significantly associated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06), per year], male gender (OR 3.14, 1.27-7.76), elevation (OR 0.96, 0.94-0.99, per metre) and the density of people per household room (OR 1.59, 1.31-1.92). LF-related hydrocoele was associated with age (OR 1.06, 1.03-1.09, per year) and residing in Amarapura Township (OR 8.93, 1.37-58.32). Never taking MDA was associated with male gender [OR 6.89 (2.13-22.28)] and age, particularly in females, with a significant interaction term. Overall, compared to those aged 30-44 years, the proportion never taking MDA was higher in all age groups (OR highest in those < 5 years and > 60 years, ranging from 3.37 to 12.82). Never taking MDA was also associated with residing in Amarapura township (OR 2.48, 1.15-5.31), moving to one's current village from another (OR 2.62, 1.12-6.11) and ever having declined medication (OR 11.82, 4.25-32.91). Decreased likelihood of never taking MDA was associated with a higher proportion of household members being present during the last MDA round (OR 0.16, 0.03-0.74) and the number visits by the MDA programme (OR 0.69, 0.48-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: These results contribute to the understanding of LF and MDA participation-related risk factors and will assist Myanmar to improve its elimination and morbidity management programmes.
Entities:
Keywords:
Asia; Compliance; Coverage; Hydrocoele; Infection; Lymphatic filariasis; Mass drug administration; Myanmar; Participation; Risk factors
Authors: Benjamin F R Dickson; Jesse J R Masson; Helen J Mayfield; Khin Saw Aye; Kyi May Htwe; Maureen Roineau; Athena Andreosso; Stephanie Ryan; Luke Becker; Janet Douglass; Patricia M Graves Journal: Trop Med Infect Dis Date: 2022-06-21
Authors: Ahmad Farid Nazmi Abdul Halim; Dzulfitree Ahmad; Jane Ling Miaw Yn; Noor Azreen Masdor; Nurfatehar Ramly; Rahayu Othman; Thinakaran Kandayah; Mohd Rohaizat Hassan; Rahmat Dapari Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-10-10 Impact factor: 4.614