Uptake of microplastics by carrots in presence of As (III): Combined toxic effects.

Current research on the migration of microplastics into plants is in its most important phase; however, there is no such research on root vegetables, even though the edible parts of root vegetables are in direct contact with microplastics. Considering arsenic (As)-containing groundwater used in hydroponics and the degradation of plastic materials in hydroponic facilities, we investigated the impacts of As and polystyrene (PS) microplastics on carrot growth. We found that PS microplastics sized 1 µm can enter carrot roots and accumulate in the intercellular layer but are unable to enter the cells; those sized 0.2 µm can migrate to the leaves. Larger microplastics can enter the roots (PS particles sized 1219.7 nm) and leaves (607.2 nm) in presence of As (III). Gaussian analysis shows that As increases the negatively charged area of PS and causes a greater amount of microplastics to enter the carrot. As also causes cell walls to distort and deform, allowing PS particles (< 200 nm) to enter the cells. PS and 4 mg L-1 As can induce oxidative bursts in carrot tissue, reducing the carrot quality. Moreover, As exacerbates the effect of PS on carrots. Molecular docking results show that the presence of PS in carrots destroys the tertiary structure of pectin methyl esterase and causes carrots to lose their crispness. These findings indicate that plastic material in hydroponic facilities can be leached to crops. Microplastics produced by the degradation of such materials not only reduce the nutritional value of carrots, leading to economic losses, but also pose potential risks to human health. The presence of As in the hydroponic solution results in more PS entering the carrot tissue and even the cells, bringing greater health threats for the consumers.