Mellar P Davis1, Lisa A Rybicki2, Renato V Samala3, Chirag Patel1, Armida Parala-Metz1, Ruth Lagman1. 1. Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. CA-53, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. 2. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. 3. Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave. CA-53, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. samalar@ccf.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association of pain and suffering seems intuitive, but evidence substantiating this association is lacking. In studies of cancer patients, fatigue, rather than pain, is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom. This study aimed to compare the correlation of pain and fatigue to suffering, and identify other potential sources of suffering in cancer patients treated in a palliative care unit. METHODS: One hundred fifty cancer patients were surveyed. Fifteen variables were measured on a 0- to 10-point scale: suffering, pain, level of acceptable pain, effect of pain on quality of life, fatigue, level of acceptable fatigue, effect of fatigue on quality of life, and specific types of suffering. Univariable associations with suffering were made with Pearson correlation (continuous variables) or t test (binary predictors). Multivariable associations with suffering were assessed with linear regression analysis and bootstrapping. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis, highest pain (parameter estimate 0.38) had a greater impact on suffering than highest fatigue (parameter estimate 0.21). When other variables were assessed, 38% of the variability in suffering was accounted for by pain "now", fatigue in the past 24 hours, and age. CONCLUSION: The most important predictors of greater suffering in hospitalized cancer patients are pain, younger age, and fatigue. Despite their significant effect on suffering, other underlying contributors to suffering have yet to be identified. Designing interventions to reduce fatigue, in addition to pain management, may help in alleviating overall suffering.
BACKGROUND: The association of pain and suffering seems intuitive, but evidence substantiating this association is lacking. In studies of cancerpatients, fatigue, rather than pain, is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom. This study aimed to compare the correlation of pain and fatigue to suffering, and identify other potential sources of suffering in cancerpatients treated in a palliative care unit. METHODS: One hundred fifty cancerpatients were surveyed. Fifteen variables were measured on a 0- to 10-point scale: suffering, pain, level of acceptable pain, effect of pain on quality of life, fatigue, level of acceptable fatigue, effect of fatigue on quality of life, and specific types of suffering. Univariable associations with suffering were made with Pearson correlation (continuous variables) or t test (binary predictors). Multivariable associations with suffering were assessed with linear regression analysis and bootstrapping. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis, highest pain (parameter estimate 0.38) had a greater impact on suffering than highest fatigue (parameter estimate 0.21). When other variables were assessed, 38% of the variability in suffering was accounted for by pain "now", fatigue in the past 24 hours, and age. CONCLUSION: The most important predictors of greater suffering in hospitalized cancerpatients are pain, younger age, and fatigue. Despite their significant effect on suffering, other underlying contributors to suffering have yet to be identified. Designing interventions to reduce fatigue, in addition to pain management, may help in alleviating overall suffering.
Authors: Kristine L Kwekkeboom; Lauren Tostrud; Erin Costanzo; Christopher L Coe; Ronald C Serlin; Sandra E Ward; Yingzi Zhang Journal: J Pain Symptom Manage Date: 2018-01-31 Impact factor: 3.612
Authors: Charles S Cleeland; Gary J Bennett; Robert Dantzer; Patrick M Dougherty; Adrian J Dunn; Christina A Meyers; Andrew H Miller; Richard Payne; James M Reuben; Xin Shelley Wang; Bang-Ning Lee Journal: Cancer Date: 2003-06-01 Impact factor: 6.860