Literature DB >> 33470326

Mitral Valve Mass in a Patient Suspected of Systemic Lupus: Tumor, Endocarditis or Both?

Thiago Sant'Anna Coutinho1, Bárbara Cristina Rodrigues de Almeida1, Guilherme Dalcol Torres de Amorim1, Monica Zappa1, Clara Weksler1, Cristiane da Cruz Lamas1,2,3.   

Abstract

We present a case report of a patient with an infected mitral valve myxoma and a literature review on the subject. A 33-year-old female presented with a history of fever and dyspnea evolving over a few days. On admission, she had a lupus-like syndrome with positive blood cultures for Haemophilus species . Echocardiogram revealed a giant mass involving both mitral leaflets causing severe regurgitation, requiring biological mitral valve replacement. Microscopy showed an infected myxoma and the patient was discharged asymptomatic upon completion of antibiotics. She did well on follow-up. This is the sixth case of an infected mitral valve myxoma reported in the literature and the third case of a cardiac myxoma infected by the HACEK group. Exceedingly high incidence of embolic events makes prompt imaging, antibiotic therapy and surgery crucial for better outcomes. Time to diagnosis was much briefer than usually reported in other cases of HACEK endocarditis. Valve replacement was the most common surgical procedure and all patients from previous reports did well on follow-up.

Entities:  

Mesh:

Year:  2020        PMID: 33470326      PMCID: PMC8133720          DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200206

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Arq Bras Cardiol        ISSN: 0066-782X            Impact factor:   2.000


Introdução

Os mixomas de válvula cardíaca são extremamente raros.[1] A tríade de sintomas constitucionais, obstrutivos e embólicos torna o diagnóstico diferencial com endocardite desafiador. Excepcionalmente, os próprios mixomas podem estar infectados.

Métodos

É relatado o caso de uma paciente com mixoma valvar mitral infectado por Haemophilus spp . Uma busca nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs foi realizada desde a primeira publicação sobre o tema até 2019 para fins epidemiológicos.

Resultados

Mulher de 33 anos, previamente hígida, apresentou em dezembro de 2017 dispneia progressiva, febre alta, sudorese noturna e perda de peso. Após um mês de evolução, ela foi internada em um hospital geral em franca insuficiência respiratória e choque séptico com infiltrados alveolares difusos, icterícia, hemoptoicos e petéquias nos membros inferiores. Ela foi intubada e precisou de suporte hemodinâmico. Um leve sopro sistólico mitral foi identificado à ausculta do precórdio. Havia leucocitose acentuada com desvio à esquerda, plaquetopenia, disfunção hepática e renal associada à proteinúria subnefrótica e consumo de complemento. O resultado dos anticorpos antinucleares foi de 1/80, apesar dos níveis normais de anti-DNA de fita dupla, anti-SM e anti-PR3. Após a administração de ceftriaxona, ela melhorou clinicamente. Febre amarela, dengue, Chikungunya, leptospirose, HIV e hepatites virais foram descartados. As hemoculturas foram positivas para Haemophilus spp. em todas as seis amostras coletadas. O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) demonstrou uma massa ecogênica amorfa com superfície irregular e alguns elementos móveis que envolviam ambos os folhetos da válvula mitral, medindo 20x17 mm no folheto anterior e 19 mm em seu maior diâmetro nos folhetos posteriores, resultando em regurgitação grave por flail mitral e perfuração ( Figura 1 ). A ressonância magnética mostrou pequenos abscessos esplênicos, tratados de maneira conservadora. Um aneurisma micótico não-complicado da artéria cerebral média esquerda foi tratado por embolização percutânea. Trinta dias após a hospitalização, ela foi submetida à substituição da válvula mitral com sucesso por uma prótese valvar biológica Sorin® tamanho 29mm e após extensa ressecção do tumor. Foi evidenciada regurgitação aórtica moderada devido a lesão da fibrosa intervalvar mitroaórtica e retração da cúspide não coronariana, tratada de maneira conservadora. O exame patológico confirmou a presença de um mixoma valvar mitral infectado ( Figura 1 ). A paciente completou 28 dias de ceftriaxona e gentamicina, recebendo alta hospitalar assintomática. No seguimento de um ano, não havia evidência de recorrência e constatava-se somente regurgitação aórtica leve. Mixomas infectados apresentam maior risco de eventos embólicos, embora as manifestações clínicas sejam indistinguíveis de tumores não infectados.[2] O presente caso parece ser o sexto de mixoma valvar mitral infectado relatado na literatura, preenchendo critérios definitivos para o diagnóstico, e o terceiro causado por um microrganismo do grupo HACEK ( Tabela 1 ).[3 - 8] Dos 64 mixomas valvares mitrais publicados de 2006 a 2012, os sintomas eram cardiovasculares em 36,7%; 9,5 a 21,6% dos mixomas da válvula mitral foram submetidos à troca valvar e o tempo do diagnóstico até a cirurgia variou de algumas horas a 42 dias.[2 , 9] A mortalidade operatória e geral foi relatada como sendo, respectivamente, 2,6 a 3% e 5,1 a 21%.[2 , 10] Na presente série, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou insuficiência cardíaca sintomática, foram submetidos à troca valvar mitral e todos apresentaram bons resultados no seguimento.
Figura 1

– A) Ecocardiografia com corte apical de quatro câmaras demonstrando insuficiência mitral grave. B) Ecocardiografia com corte apical de quatro câmaras. C) Coloração com hematoxilina-eosina 40x, o mixoma é visto na área azul formada por células estreladas em um estroma mixóide (seta), com infiltração de neutrófilos e necrose (ponta de seta).

Tabela 1

– Mixomas valvares mitrais infectados descritos nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS

Ref.AutorAno/ PaísSexo/ Idade (anos)Micro-organismoDiagnósticoApresentaçãoLocalização/CirurgiaComplicações pós-operatóriasDesfecho
PRCoutinho 2020 BrasilF/33Haemophilus spp.Eco Critérios definitivosSintomas constitucionais Choque séptico e insuficiência respiratória Regurgitação mitral grave Abscesso esplênico Aneurisma micóticoFolheto anterior Tumor 20x17mm Ressecção do tumor e troca valvar mitral biológicaFlutter atrial (imediata) Regurgitação aórtica moderada a grave (tardia)Sobreviveu NYHA I Sem recorrência Seguimento de 1 ano
(8)Ghazi 1988 Reino UnidoF/17Haemophilus parainfluenzaeEco Critérios definitivosSintomas constitucionais Vômito, diarreia e dor abdominal Sepse Insuficiência mitralFolheto posterior Tumor de 10mm Ressecção do tumor e anuloplastiaSem intercorrênciasSobreviveu NYHA I Sem recorrência Seguimento de 9 meses
(7)Mrozinski1997 PolôniaF/4Staphylococcus aureusEco Critérios definitivosSintomas constitucionais Insuficiência cardíaca aguda Regurgitação mitral graveAmbos os folhetos Tumor 30mm Ressecção do tumor e substituição por válvula mitral mecânicaSem intercorrênciasSobreviveu NYHA I Sem recorrência Tempo de seguimento não está claro
(6)Toda1999 JapãoM/20Hemoculturas negativas Bactérias observadas na patologiaEco Critérios definitivosSintomas constitucionais Síncope Oclusão arterial aguda de membro Regurgitação mitral moderadaFolheto posterior Tumor 20mm Ressecção de tumor e cordas, troca valvar mitral mecânicaSem intercorrênciasSobreviveu NYHA I Sem recorrência Seguimento de 2 anos
(5)Liu2005 ChinaF/12Neisseria lactamicaEco Critérios definitivosSintomas constitucionais Insuficiência cardíaca aguda Regurgitação mitral graveFolheto anterior Tumor de 35x25mm Ressecção do tumor e músculo papilar, troca valvar mitral mecânica e cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdioSem intercorrênciasSobreviveu Sem dados sobre a classe funcional Sem recorrência Seguimento de 6 anos
(4)Guler2007 TurquiaF/12Staphylococcus aureusEco Critérios definitivosInício agudo de febre, suor e fadiga Sepse Regurgitação mitral leveFolheto anterior Tumor 29x18mm Ressecção de tumorRotura de aneurisma sacular de aorta abdominal e infarto renal bilateral (tardio)Sobreviveu Sem dados sobre a classe funcional Sem recorrência Seguimento de 6 meses

PR: presente relato; F: feminino; M: masculino; Eco: ecocardiograma; NYHA: classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association.

PR: presente relato; F: feminino; M: masculino; Eco: ecocardiograma; NYHA: classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association.

Conclusão

Relatamos um inusitado caso de mixoma de válvula mitral infectado pelo grupo HACEK e complicado por êmbolos sépticos e manifestações imunomediadas. Ao revisar a literatura, descobrimos que a válvula mitral foi mais gravemente danificada pelo tumor infectado comparado aos tumores não-infectados e outros casos de endocardite por HACEK, levando a uma taxa maior de sintomas cardiovasculares e menor tempo para o diagnóstico. Apesar da cirurgia extensa com maior incidência de substituição da válvula em um ambiente de urgência, os pacientes apresentaram bons resultados no seguimento.

Introduction

Heart valve myxomas are exceedingly rare.[1]The triad of constitutional, obstructive and embolic symptoms make its differential diagnosis with endocarditis challenging. In the most exceptional scenario, myxomas themselves may be infected.

Methods

The case of a female patient with an infected mitral valve myxoma by Haemophilus species is reported. A search on Medline and Lilacs was conducted from inception to 2019 for epidemiological purposes.

Results

A previously healthy 33-year-old female presented in December , 2017, with progressive shortness of breath, high-grade fever, night sweats and weight loss. Within a month she was admitted to a general hospital in overt respiratory distress and septic shock with diffuse alveolar infiltrates. Jaundice, bloody sputum and petechiae in the lower limbs ensued. She was intubated and needed hemodynamic support. A soft systolic mitral murmur was heard. There was marked leukocytosis with a left shift, low platelet count, abnormal liver and kidney function tests with near nephrotic proteinuria and complement depletion. Antinuclear antibodies were 1/80 despite normal anti-double stranded-DNA, anti-SM and anti-PR3 levels. After ceftriaxone she improved clinically. Yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya, leptospirosis, HIV and viral hepatitis were ruled out. Blood cultures were positive for Haemophilus species in all six samples collected. Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated an amorphous echogenic mass with an irregular surface and a few mobile elements that involved both leaflets of the mitral valve measuring 20x17mm on the anterior leaflet and 19 mm in its greatest diameter on the posterior leaflets, resulting in severe regurgitation by flail and perforation ( Figure 1 ). MRI showed small splenic abscesses, treated conservatively. An uncomplicated mycotic aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery was managed by percutaneous embolization. Thirty days from admission she underwent successful mitral valve replacement with a biological prosthetic valve Sorin® size 29mm and extensive tumor resection. Moderate aortic regurgitation due to a lesion to the mitroaortic intervalvular fibrosa and retraction of the non-coronary cusp was treated conservatively. Pathology confirmed an infected mitral valve myxoma ( Figure 1 ). The patient completed 28 days of ceftriaxone and gentamicin, being discharged asymptomatic. At one-year follow-up she had no evidence of recurrence and only mild aortic regurgitation. Infected myxomas present a greater risk of embolic events, though clinical features may be indistinguishable from uninfected tumors.[2]The present case appears to be the sixth reported infected mitral valve myxoma by fulfilling previously published definitive criteria and the third caused by a microorganism from the HACEK group ( table 1 ).[3 - 8]Of 64 mitral valve myxomas published from 2006 to 2012, symptoms were cardiovascular in 36,7%; 9.5 to 21.6% of mitral valve myxomas underwent valve replacement and the timing until surgery varied from a few hours to 42 days.[2 , 9]Operative and overall mortality was reported to be respectively 2.6 to 3% and 5.1 to 21%.[2 , 10]In the present series most patients had overt heart failure, underwent mitral valve replacement and all of them did well on follow-up.
Figure 1

– A) Apical four-chamber echocardiographic view demonstrating severe mitral regurgitation. B) Apical four-chamber echocardiographic view. C) Hematoxylin eosin staining 40x, myxoma is seen on the blue area formed by stellate cells in a myxoid stroma (arrow), with neutrophil infiltration and necrosis (arrowhead).

Table 1

– Infected mitral valve myxomas described in MEDLINE and LILACS

Ref.AuthorYear/ CountrySex/ Age(y/o)OrganismDiagnosisPresentationLocation/SurgeryPostoperative complicationsOutcome
PRCoutinho2020 BrazilF/33Haemophilus spp.

Echo

Definitive criteria

Constitutional symptoms

Septic shock and respiratory distress

Severe mitral regurgitation

Splenic abscess

Mycotic aneurism

Anterior leaflet 20x17mm tumor

Tumor resection and biological mitral valve replacement

Atrial flutter (immediate)

Moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (late)

Survived NYHA I

No recurrence 1-year follow-up

(8)Ghazi1988 UKF/17Haemophilus parainfluenzae

Echo

Definitive criteria

Constitutional symptoms

Vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain

Sepsis Mitral regurgitation

Posterior leaflet 10mm tumor

Tumor resection and annuloplasty

Uneventful

Survived NYHA I

No recurrence

9-month

follow-up

(7)Mrozinski1997 PolandF/4Staphylococcus aureus

Echo

Definitive criteria

Constitutional symptoms

Acute heart failure

Severe mitral regurgitation

Both leaflets

30mm tumor

Tumor resection and mechanical mitral valve replacement

Uneventful

Survived NYHA I

No recurrence

Unclear follow-up time

(6)Toda1999 JapanM/20

Negative blood cultures

Bacteria seen on pathology

Echo

Definitive criteria

Constitutional symptoms Syncope

Acute limb arterial occlusion

Moderate mitral regurgitation

Posterior leaflet 20mm tumor

Tumor and chordae resection, mechanical mitral valve replacement

Uneventful

Survived

NYHA I

No recurrence 2-year follow-up

(5)Liu2005 ChinaF/12Neisseria lactamica

Echo

Definitive criteria

Constitutional symptoms

Acute heart failure

Severe mitral regurgitation

Anterior leaflet 35x25mm tumor

Tumor and papillary muscle resection, mechanical mitral valve replacement and urgent bypass graft surgery

Uneventful

Survived

No data on functional status

No recurrence 6-year follow-up

(4)Guler2007 TurkeyF/12Staphylococcus aureus

Echo

Definitive criteria

Acute onset of fever, sweating and fatigue

Sepsis

Mild mitral regurgitation

Anterior leaflet 29x18mm tumor

Tumor resection

Ruptured saccular abdominal aortic aneurysm and bilateral renal infarction (late)

Survived

No data on functional status

No recurrence 6-moth follow-up

PR: present report; F: female; M: male; N/D: no data; Echo: echocardiogram; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class.

Echo Definitive criteria Constitutional symptoms Septic shock and respiratory distress Severe mitral regurgitation Splenic abscess Mycotic aneurism Anterior leaflet 20x17mm tumor Tumor resection and biological mitral valve replacement Atrial flutter (immediate) Moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (late) Survived NYHA I No recurrence 1-year follow-up Echo Definitive criteria Constitutional symptoms Vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain Sepsis Mitral regurgitation Posterior leaflet 10mm tumor Tumor resection and annuloplasty Uneventful Survived NYHA I No recurrence 9-month follow-up Echo Definitive criteria Constitutional symptoms Acute heart failure Severe mitral regurgitation Both leaflets 30mm tumor Tumor resection and mechanical mitral valve replacement Uneventful Survived NYHA I No recurrence Unclear follow-up time Negative blood cultures Bacteria seen on pathology Echo Definitive criteria Constitutional symptoms Syncope Acute limb arterial occlusion Moderate mitral regurgitation Posterior leaflet 20mm tumor Tumor and chordae resection, mechanical mitral valve replacement Uneventful Survived NYHA I No recurrence 2-year follow-up Echo Definitive criteria Constitutional symptoms Acute heart failure Severe mitral regurgitation Anterior leaflet 35x25mm tumor Tumor and papillary muscle resection, mechanical mitral valve replacement and urgent bypass graft surgery Uneventful Survived No data on functional status No recurrence 6-year follow-up Echo Definitive criteria Acute onset of fever, sweating and fatigue Sepsis Mild mitral regurgitation Anterior leaflet 29x18mm tumor Tumor resection Ruptured saccular abdominal aortic aneurysm and bilateral renal infarction (late) Survived No data on functional status No recurrence 6-moth follow-up PR: present report; F: female; M: male; N/D: no data; Echo: echocardiogram; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class.

Conclusion

This case of a mitral valve myxoma infected by the HACEK group and further complicated by septic emboli and immune-mediated manifestations is most interesting. On literature review, we found that the mitral valve was more severely damaged by the infected tumor compared to uninfected tumors and to other cases of HACEK endocarditis, leading to a higher rate of cardiovascular symptoms and shorter time to diagnosis. Despite extensive surgery with greater incidence of valve replacement in an urgent setting, patients did well on follow-up.
  10 in total

1.  [Cardiac valve myxomas with infected endocarditis in the youngerly].

Authors:  Yan-ling Liu; Xiao-hong Liu; Kai-hua Cai
Journal:  Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi       Date:  2005-10

2.  Case of the month: a 4-year-old girl with cardiac insufficiency and intermittent fever.

Authors:  B Mroziński; A Siwińska; H Górzna; B Szelagowicz; J Maciejewski
Journal:  Eur J Pediatr       Date:  1997-02       Impact factor: 3.183

Review 3.  Clinical presentation and treatment options for mitral valve myxoma.

Authors:  N Chakfé; J G Kretz; P Valentin; B Geny; H Petit; S Popescu; S Edah-Tally; G Massard
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  1997-09       Impact factor: 4.330

4.  Myxoma of the mitral valve associated with Hemophilus parainfluenza bacteremia.

Authors:  F Ghazi; R Sterba; D S Moodie; C C Gill; N B Ratliff
Journal:  Cleve Clin J Med       Date:  1988 Sep-Oct       Impact factor: 2.321

5.  Myxoma of mitral valve associated with infective endocarditis.

Authors:  R Toda; Y Moriyama; K Shiota; H Toyohira; A Taira
Journal:  Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg       Date:  1999-06

Review 6.  Mitral valve myxoma: clinical features, current diagnostic approaches, and surgical management.

Authors:  Shi-Min Yuan
Journal:  Cardiol J       Date:  2012       Impact factor: 2.737

Review 7.  Infected Cardiac Myxoma: an Updated Review.

Authors:  Shi-Min Yuan
Journal:  Braz J Cardiovasc Surg       Date:  2015 Sep-Oct

Review 8.  Infected cardiac myxoma. Case report and literature review.

Authors:  S G Revankar; R A Clark
Journal:  Medicine (Baltimore)       Date:  1998-09       Impact factor: 1.889

Review 9.  Getting to the heart of the matter.

Authors:  Jack M Bernstein; William Leasure; Allison Buel
Journal:  Skinmed       Date:  2007 Nov-Dec

10.  Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after resection of an infected cardiac myxoma.

Authors:  Niyazi Guler; Cenap Ozkara; Yuksel Kaya; Enis Saglam
Journal:  Tex Heart Inst J       Date:  2007
  10 in total

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