Colloidal stability and correlated migration of illite in the aquatic environment: The roles of pH, temperature, multiple cations and humic acid.

The mobility and environmental risk of colloids and associated pollutants are dependent on their dispersion stability under various conditions. In this work, the stability and correlated migration of illite colloids (IC) were systematically investigated over a wide range of aquatic chemistry conditions. The results showed that IC was aggregation favorable at low pH, low temperature and high ionic strength. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of IC increased exponentially with increasing values of r/Z3, following the Schulze-Hardy and Hofmeister series. Humic acid (HA) greatly mitigated colloid aggregation since the attachment of HA on IC surface increased the steric hindrance and electrostatic potential, and the enhancement of stability was linearly correlated with the HA concentration. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) model revealed that the interaction force deriving from van der Waals forces and electrostatic double-layer energy evolved as the aquatic chemistry varied, and the reduction in repulsion force between particles facilitated the colloid collision and then aggregation. The migration of IC in the porous sand column was highly correlated with the dispersion stability and filtration effect, the agglomerated colloids were redispersed and released when conditions favored dispersion. The illite colloids acted as efficient carriers for Eu(III) transport. These findings are essential for improving the understanding of the geological fate of environmental colloids and associated radionuclides.