Adherence to Oral Nutritional Supplements After Being Discharged from the Hospital is Low but Improves Outcome in Patients with Advanced Chronic Liver Disease.

PURPOSE: Patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) often have a poor nutritional status. In the management, current guidelines recommend dietary counseling and oral nutritional supplements (ONS). Nutritional goals and adherence to ONS are difficult to achieve while studies addressing adherence are scarce. We aimed to evaluate adherence to ONS, the associated factors, and its impact on outcome among ALCD patients who are discharged from the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified consecutive hospitalized patients with ACLD from the cirrhosis registry and ONS prescription at discharge. Baseline demographics, anthropometrics, hand-grip strength (HGS), nutritional, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Adherence was assessed at 30, 90, and 180 days, but not in patients who did not survive or in those who underwent liver transplantation (LT) before the time-point.
RESULTS: From the registry containing 1004 patients, we included 450 cases, the median age was 56.3 (IQR 47-62), 60% were males, 63.8% had alcoholic etiology, and the median model for end-stage liver disease score (MELD) was 16 (11-21). During follow-up, 13.6%, 23.6%, and 31.1% of patients have died within 30, 90, and 180 days, respectively, and 21 underwent LT. Adherence to ONS in surviving patients was observed in 46%, 26.1%, and 16.9% within 30, 90, and 180 days, respectively. Baseline refractory ascites (HR=0.43, 0.24-0.76), HGS (HR=1.03, 1.01-1.06), and mid-arm circumference (HR=0.93, 0.88-0.99) were independently associated with 30-day adherence. Among patients who survived beyond 30 days, adherents for >30 days had improved synthetic liver function, HGS, a higher probability of LT (HR=1.7, 1.03-2.8) and lower risk of death (HR=0.65, 0.45-0.89), particularly those with MELD>16 (OR=0.55, 0.36-0.85) and low HGS (OR=0.61, 0.39-0.93).
CONCLUSION: In ACLD patients after discharge, adherence to ONS steeply declined and was associated with baseline refractory ascites and low muscle strength. Adherence to ONS also improved liver function, muscle strength, and survival.

Introduction

Advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) is a frequent cause of premature death in Central European countries.1 Among hospitalized ACLD patients, impaired nutritional status has been reported in 46% to 95% of cases.2,3 Presumed mechanisms for the condition are decreased energy intake and absorption of nutrients,4 increased energy expenditure, and impaired gluconeogenesis with altered starvation metabolism.5 There is evidence that malnourished or sarcopenic patients are at risk of cirrhosis decompensation,6 poor outcomes of liver transplantation (LT), and death.7 In the management of the conditions, two recent international practice guidelines recommend dietary counseling combined with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) when necessary.8,9 Currently, there is conflicting evidence of the beneficial effect of enteral nutrition in hospitalized patients with severe disease.10,11 Also, it has been reported that protein and energy supplementation are difficult to achieve.12,13 A recent meta-analysis has concluded that reduction of the post-absorptive phase could reverse anabolic resistance and sarcopenia.14 ONS thus represent a convenient solution in improving energy intake after discharge providing easily available nutrients in a sufficient amount.15,16

Adherence is defined by the World Health Organization as the extent to which a person’s behavior such as taking medication, following a diet, or executing a certain lifestyle corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider.17,18 There is currently no consensus on a quantitative definition of adherence, but it generally requires uptake of more than 80% of a recommended medication.19,20 Adherence to medications for chronic diseases has been previously reported in the range of 43–78%21,22 and likewise in patients with cirrhosis.23,24 However, studies on adherence to ONS and reports on its impact on the outcome have not been adequately powered or lacked disease severity stratification.25 Hence, we aimed to evaluate the rate of adherence to ONS among discharged ACLD patients, to explore factors associated with adherence as well as its impact on ALCD outcome and prognosis.

Materials and Methods

HEGITO7 registry contains data on consecutive hospitalized patients at the Hepatology, gastroenterology, and transplantation unit (HEGITO) with the established diagnosis of advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) since 2014.26 The registry was initiated in our unit at the Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Transplantation in 2014 and we are unique creators and owners of the registry data. The unit also provides an LT program for the entire country. The inclusion criteria for the registry are hospitalization for ACLD, informed consent, and either one of the following: a decompensating event of cirrhosis requiring hospitalization such as variceal bleed, ascites, infection, alcoholic hepatitis or hepatic encephalopathy (HE), pre-LT evaluation of potential candidates, and hospitalization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the Milan criteria requiring intervention with curative intent. We excluded patients who were hospitalized for other elective procedures, patients with terminal stages of ACLD or HCC as well as patients with very limited life expectancy due to comorbid conditions. The registry contains the date of index hospitalization, basic demographics, medical history, etiology of cirrhosis, cirrhosis complications (ie refractory ascites, RA), and body mass index. Also, it includes handgrip strength (HGS, in kg) measured with the dynamometer Kern MAP80, a mid-arm circumference (MAC, in cm), and a tricipital skinfold (in mm) using a standard Harpenden type caliper Somet. During hospitalization, we also recorded laboratory parameters (blood count, inflammatory markers, markers of synthetic liver function), MELD-Na score (further referred to as MELD), Child-Pugh-Turcotte score, the time needed to complete the number connection test (25 numbers).

For this study, we have identified patients in the registry with ONS prescriptions at discharge from the hospital. The indication for ONS prescription has been the formal diagnosis of malnutrition made by a trained hepatologist, or according to the recent ESPEN Guidelines, to overcome issues associated with the provision of calories and nutrients.9 The diagnosis of malnutrition has been based on any combination of the following: eyeball test, anthropometric measurements, HGS, laboratory data, and psoas muscle measurement (on computed tomography [CT]).

Before discharge, trained nurses (JV, BS) provided to patients at least 30-minute nutritional counseling with detailed instructions on the adequate doses and sources of proteins (eg content of proteins per palm-of-a-hand meat serving, egg, milk, tofu, ONS, etc.), on the importance of the maximum time interval between meals (4 hours), and the late-evening snack.27,28 Written and graphic instructions were also provided to patients for further reference. ONS have been recommended in the form of “sipping” to complement the source of energy and protein provided by regular meals and to facilitate the observance of the recommended maximum intervals between meals and snacks.29,30 ONS were recommended according to the temporal availability to assure patient preference and the lowest possible adherence barriers. We suggested liquid polymeric (1,5 kcal/mL) or oligomeric (1 kcal/mL) preparations with total daily volumes of 400 mL, and 600 mL respectively, intending to cover 600 kcal of energy intake between meals.27,31 We identified 222 patients receiving polymeric and 228 patients having oligomeric formulas respectively. Furthermore, the team provided a graphic template for keeping a daily record of the amount of ingested ONS (Figure 1A, courtesy Pavel Kohout, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic). Although electronic prescription was not available and ONS dispensing required an in-person specialist visit within 30 and 90 days, ONS were fully reimbursed by insurance. In addition to the dietary advice and ONS, patients have been encouraged to exercise 15–20 minutes daily for 2 to 3 times a week (Figure 1B).31

Figure 1

The exact instructions which were given to ACLD patients being discharged from the hospital (A) recommendation on the use of oral nutritional supplements with the record of ingested volume during four 6-hour time-periods, (B) instructions on the frequency, duration, and character of recommended exercises.

For this study, adherence has been defined as a categorical variable at the time of pre-scheduled follow-up visits at 30, 90, and 180 days. Non-adherence was also observed in some cases during the index hospitalization. After discharge, observance of adherence was supported by three sources, each of which has been previously validated: 1) a recorded interview of study nurse with the patient during pre-scheduled visits (with the conclusion adherent/non-adherent), 2) pre-printed daily record of used ONS filled and dated by the patient with evidence of at least 80% of the prescribed volume ingested, and 3) pharmacy signed refill records confirming at least 80% of ONS dispensed. Patients were considered as non-adherent in the absence of evidence for adherence or if they were not seen in the clinic at pre-scheduled visits, or when lost to follow-up.

During follow-up, all patients had pre-scheduled visits within 30, 90, and 180 days. Patients who showed-up at follow-up visits had an anthropometric, laboratory, nutritional, and functional parameters reevaluated. The follow-up was stopped on the date of liver transplantation and/or death whichever occurred first or was censored at least one year after inclusion.

For the analysis of adherence, patients who did not survive until the date of pre-scheduled visit (30, 90, 180 days) were not included (n=61, 106, 140) at the time-point and later (Figure 2). Likewise, patients undergoing LT before the time-point while adhering to ONS until the LT (n=21) were not included. The follow-up was terminated at the time of the LT (as alive) or death (as dead), whichever occurred first. In the remaining cases, it was censored at least one year after inclusion into the study. Mortality was verified in all patients from the national registry of deceased inhabitants, also including patients who were lost to follow-up.

Figure 2

Flow-chart of 450 included ACLD patients after being discharged from the hospital illustrating the adherence to oral nutritional supplements and outcome during the first 180 days of follow-up.

All procedures involving human participants have been approved according to the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, including the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments () or comparable ethical standards. The reported clinical and research activities are consistent with the Principles of the Declaration of Istanbul, as outlined in the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism.32 All patients signed informed consent before enrolment in the study and data acquisition to HEGITO7 registry of which we are unique creators was approved by the local ethics committee, name of the ethics committee: Etická komisia Fakultnej Nemocnice s Poliklinikou F. D. Roosevelta (in English: Ethics committee of the Faculty Hospital F.D. Roosevelt), address: Etická komisia, FNsP FD Roosevelta, Nám. L. Svobodu 1, 975 17 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, date of approval: May 21st, 2014.

Statistical Analysis

Due to the non-normal distribution of data, numerical parameters are presented as median and 25–75 percentiles with proportions given as numbers and percentages. To identify baseline factors associated with adherence for more than 30 days, we used logistic regression with adherence as a dependent variable and all relevant baseline covariates as independent variables. Hazard ratios are provided for each covariate separately in a univariate model. Besides, the stepwise conditional backward regression yielded independently associated factors according to their P-value in a multivariable model (Table 3). To illustrate the impact of adherence (>30 days) on survival, we plotted the cumulative incidence of death or LT (Figure 3) and applied the Gray test for competing events yielding hazard ratios for LT or death occurring within 1 year. The model has been further stratified according to MELD score (>16 vs ≤16), CTP stage C, low HGS (<30kg in men, <20kg in women), and the presence of refractory ascites (Figure 4.). For comparison of numerical parameters and proportions during follow-up, we used a paired Wilcoxon test and McNemar test respectively. Missing values were treated as missing and were not accounted for in statistical models. Statistical analysis has been carried out using the R software (R foundation for statistical computing, ), R Studio (v.1.2.5033, RStudio Inc. for macOS) with the EZR plugin33 and MedCalc (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium).

Table 3

Factors Associated with Adherence >30 Days in Univariate and Multivariate Analysis

	Univariate				Multivariate*
	OR		95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age, y	0.976	*	0.959–0.994	0.01
Sex (%), male	0.99	*	0.6626–1.48	0.241
Alcoholic etiology (%)	1.07	*	0.71–1.61	0.22
Diabetes type 2 (%)	0.665	*	0.371–1.19	0.352
Baseline parameters
Body mass index (kg/m2)	0.983	*	0.955–1.011	0.438
Mid-arm circumference, cm	0.985	*	0.945–1.027	0.474	0.929	0.876–0.984	0.013
Tricipital skinfold, mm	0.987	*	0.962–1.013	0.327
Hand-grip strength, kg	1.016	*	0.997–1.035	0.095	1.03	1.01–1.06	0.015
Leucocytes, x10*9/l	1.029	*	0.982–1.079	0.223
C-reactive protein, mg/l	0.999	*	0.989–1.008	0.803
Refractory ascites (%)	0.535	*	0.318–0.900	0.018	0.429	0.244–0.756	0.003
MELD-Na score	1.005	*	0.976–1.034	0.76
Serum bilirubin, umol/l	1.002	*	1.000–1.004	0.02
Serum albumin, g/l	1.025	*	0.993–1.059	0.13
Number connection test, s	0.996	*	0.9916–1.000	0.099
Outcome
Mortality at 90 days	0.549		0,285–1,06	0.073
Mortality at 180 days	0.619		0,372–1,03	0.064

Notes: *Variables in the multivariate logistic regression model; Overall model fit, chi-squared 15.5; P=0.0014; Nagelkerke R2 =0.064; AUROC=0.62±0,03; 95% CI 0,564–0,674.

Figure 3

The cumulative incidence of liver transplantation (left pane) and death (right pane) in discharged ACLD patients according to adherence to oral nutritional supplements (>30 days, yes or no).

Figure 4

The cumulative incidence of death in discharged ACLD patients according to adherence to oral nutritional supplements (>30 days, dotted line) or not (solid line), a comparison of subgroups: (A) low or normal hand grip strength, (B) refractory ascites, yes or no, (C) MELD score>16 or ≤16.

Results

From the HEGITO7 registry containing 1004 patients, we identified 450 cases with documented ONS prescriptions after discharge. The median age was 56.3 years (25–75 percentile 46.6–62.3), 60% were males, with the median MELD of 16 (11–21), 63.8% having alcoholic etiology. The summary statistics are displayed in Table 1.

Table 1

Summary Statistics and Study Group Characteristics of 450 Hospitalized ACLD Patients

Factor	Group	N (%), Median [25–75%]
n		450
Age, y		56.33 [46.63, 62.28]
Sex (%)	Males	252 (60)
	Females	198 (44.0)
Disease etiology (alcohol/viral/NAFLD/autoimmune/other)	n	287/32/66/50/15
	%	63.8/7.1/14.7/11.1/3.3
Diabetes type 2 (%)		65 (14.4)
Body mass index (kg/m2)		26.26 [23.05, 29.81]
Mid-arm circumference, cm		26.00 [23.62, 30.00]
Tricipital skinfold, mm		12.10 [7.80, 19.00]
Handgrip strength (HGS), kg		23.50 [16.78, 32.35]
Low HGS (men<30, women<20, kg)		246 (54.6)
White blood cells, count*10*9/l		5.70 [3.90, 8.67]
C-reactive protein, mg/l		12.03 [5.11, 26.93]
Refractory ascites (%)		106 (23.5)
MELD-Na score		16.00 [11.00, 21.00]
MELD-Na score>16		209 (46.4)
Child-Pugh-Turcotte score		9.00 [8.00, 11.00]
Child-Pugh-Turcotte stage C (>9)		220 (48.9)
Serum bilirubin, umol/l		54.80 [24.00, 124.67]
Serum albumin, g/l		26.00 [23.00, 31.00]
Number connection test, s		103.00 [74.25, 136.00]
Mortality 30 days (%)		61 (13.6)
Mortality 90 days (%)		106 (23.6)
Mortality 180 days (%)		140 (31.1)
Follow-up event (%)	None	156 (34.7)
	LT	62 (13.8)
	Death	232 (51.6)
Days of follow-up by event	All	452.00 [91.50, 1268.25]
	None	1347 [1225, 1576]
	LT	270 [151, 470]
	Death	111.5 [27.75, 414.25]

Abbreviations: ACLD, advanced chronic liver disease; HGS, hand-grip strength; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; LT, liver transplantation.

During the first 6 months of follow-up, 21 patients underwent the LT and 140 patients died. Three-hundred and eighty-nine patients survived for at least 30 days including 179 (46%) who adhered to ONS and 210 (54%) who did not, 344 patients survived for 90 days including 89 (26.1%) who adhered to ONS and 252 who did not, 310 patients survived for 180 days including 50 (16.9%) who adhered to ONS and 246 who did not. We observed no difference in adherence between the group receiving polymeric and oligomeric formulas. The complete flowchart of all included patients is displayed in Figure 2.

Analysis of the factors associated with non-adherence is displayed in Table 2. Of 210 patients who survived but did not adhere for 30 days, 136 (64.7%) did not show up at the pre-scheduled visit not allowing us to record the reason for stopping ONS. From the remaining 74 patients, more frequent causes of stopping were abdominal fullness (7.1%), non-compliance due to palatability (6.2%), diarrhea (4.8%), and failure to control glycemia (3.3%). Univariate regression for baseline factors associated with adherence for 30 days is displayed in Table 3. In the multivariable regression model, three baseline factors were independently associated with adherence: refractory ascites (OR 0.429 95% CI 0.244–0.756), hand-grip strength (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), and mid-arm circumference (0.929 95% CI 0.876–0.984).

Table 2

Reported Causes of Non-Adherence During the First 30 Days of Treatment with ONS

Nutritional Supplements	n	%
Unknown	136	64.7
Abdominal fullness	15	7.1
Non-compliance	13	6.2
Diarrhea	10	4.8
Intolerance, other	8	3.8
Diabetes/glycaemia control	7	3.3
Nausea	6	2.9
Abdominal pain	5	2.4
Weigh gain	4	1.9
Anorexia	3	1.4
Constipation	1	0.5
Heartburn	1	0.5
Skin eruptions	1	0.5
Total	210	100

Abbreviation: ONS, oral nutritional supplements.

Finally, we assessed the impact of adherence on the outcome, survival, and the chance of LT.

Comparison of the baseline with available data on days 30, 90, and 180 according to adherence is displayed in Table 4. In patients who were adherent for at least 30 days we observed a consistent and significant improvement in the MELD score, muscle strength, mid-arm circumference, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, and number connection test, but the proportion of patients with refractory ascites did not change. Among 389 patients who survived for more than 30 days, the follow-up likelihood of LT was significantly higher (Figure 3, left pane, HR 1.7 95% CI 1.03–2.8, p=0.039) and the incidence of death was significantly lower (Figure 3, right pane, HR 0.65 95% CI 0.45–0.89, p=0.007) among adherent compared to non-adherent patients. The incidence curve for mortality has been further stratified according to the MELD score, CTP stage C, low HGS, and RA. Adherence significantly decreased the risk of death among patients with MELD>16 (HR=0.552, 0.358–0.851, p=0.007), but not in patients with MELD≤16 (HR=0.726, 0.469–1.125, p=0.15). Adherence decreased the risk of death among patients with CTP stage C (HR=0.657, 0.428–1.008, p=0.055) with borderline significance, but not in patients with CTP stages A and B (HR=0.701, 0.452–1.086, p=0.11). Adherence significantly decreased the risk of death among patients with low HGS (HR=0.605, 0.394–0.928, p=0.021), but not in patients with normal HGS (HR=0.679, 0.426–1.08, p=0.104). Adherence did not significantly decrease the risk of death in patients with RA (HR=0.678, 0.369–1.245, p=0.216), or without RA (HR=0.729, 0.471–1.128, p=0.16).

Table 4

Changes in the Prognostic, Nutritional and Laboratory Parameters in ACLD Patients After Discharge from the Hospital According to Adherence to ONS

	Baseline		Day 30	Day 90		Day 180		Comparison vs Baseline
								D30 vs Baseline		D90 vs Baseline		D180 vs Baseline
	n*	Median/%	Median/%	n*	Median/%	n*	Median/%	Median Difference	P	Median Difference	P	Median Difference	P
Patients adherent to ONS
MELD score	173	15.00	14.00	97	13	59	12	−1.00	0.0027	−1	<0.0001	−2	<0.0001
Hand-grip strength (cm)	168	24.85	26.00	86	29.1	58	26.1	0.90	0.0295	1.5	0.0023	2.2	0.0245
Reractory ascites (%)	123	16.30	21.20	74	14.9	48	16.6	4.88	0.1094	1.35	1	8.33	0.125
Mid-arm ciscumference (cm)	172	26.00	27.00	85	27	58	28	0.00	0.0787	1	0.0005	1	0.0021
Tricipital skinfold (mm)	171	11.80	13.50	85	14	58	13.8	0.00	0.4756	0.4	0.1401	0.8	0.157
Mid-arm muscle area (cm2)	170	39.80	40.40	85	42.7	58	42.6	0.40	0.4545	1.2	0.0668	2.9	0.0065
Serum albumin (g/l)	178	27.00	31.00	107	33	65	37	3.00	<0.0001	4	<0.0001	6	<0.0001
C-reactive protein (mg/l)	177	10.10	8.30	105	6.1	66	4.7	−0.40	0.0109	−0.5	0.0082	−1.3	0.0056
Number connection test (s)	172	96.50	81.00	87	76	59	79	−6.00	<0.0001	−8	0.0005	−11	0.0001
Patients not adherent to ONS
MELD score	28	16.5	13.5	21	12	17	14	−2	0.0056	0	0.1591	0	0.4143
Hand-grip strength (cm)	4	32	29.3	18	22.7	11	28	1.7	0.875	1.4	0.3465	3.2	0.4648
Reractory ascites (%)	22	27.3	22.7	17	35.3	16	6.3	4.55	1	5.88	1	25	0.125
Mid-arm ciscumference (cm)	4	24.5	25	18	28.5	11	29	0.5	0.1817	−0.5	0.2676	−2	0.375
Tricipital skinfold (mm)	4	8.2	8.3	18	15.2	11	18	−1.6	0.875	−2.2	0.4423	−1.4	0.3203
Mid-arm muscle area (cm2)	4	38.6	40	18	42.5	11	39.3	1.8	0.125	−0.83	0.766	−4.8	0.5195
Serum albumin (g/l)	32	26	30	23	31	17	30	3	0.0013	3	0.0056	2	0.2435
C-reactive protein (mg/l)	31	10.7	7.4	25	5.8	17	9.8	−1.5	0.1169	−1.1	0.2879	−1.1	0.7119
Number connection test (s)	4	103.5	93	18	99.5	11	99	7.5	0.875	6.5	0.9661	7	0.2061

Notes: *Available data for paired comparison (Wilcoxon test for numerilcal variables, McNemar test for proportions).

Abbreviation: ONS, oral nutritional supplements.

Discussion

In the present study, we report evidence of a steep decline in the adherence to ONS after discharge in patients with ACLD. Within 30, 90, and 180 days, only 46%, 26.1%, and 16.9% of patients adhered. We identified independently associated baseline factors: refractory ascites and higher mid-arm circumference decreasing adherence and higher muscle strength increasing adherence. In adherent patients, we also observed an improvement in the parameters of muscle mass and strength, synthetic liver function, and the MELD score. Among patients who survived beyond 30 days, those who adhered for more than 30 days had a higher likelihood of undergoing LT and a significantly lower risk of death during further follow-up.

World Health Organization has underscored adherence as the priority in the prevention of harm and ineffective health-care expenditure.34 Adherence to the prescribed medication in chronic conditions varies significantly and it is presumably affected by a mix of factors from the patient, the disease, the physician, and the health-care system.14–16 Several categories of non-adherence have been proposed: intentional, unintentional, financial, and sociological. The potential harm of non-adherence has been classified as high-risk, medium, or low-risk but the majority of medications taken by cirrhotic patients are non-ACLD therapies.36

Adherence in ACLD

Adherence rates to standard ACLD medications have been previously reported by several authors. Hayward et al have pointed out frequent discrepancies among self-reported medication lists and medical records which occurred in 54% of patients.37 Another study has reported adherence to more than 75% of prescribed doses of oral lactulose in only 30% of patients.38 Serper et al have reported that 86% of patients with cirrhosis displayed correct medication knowledge, 78% could demonstrate their drug regimen while 14% of patients self-reported as non-adherent.39 A recent study among 181 liver transplantation candidates identified 70% of patients as low-adherers according to the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Low adherence was associated with a higher number of medications, medication complexity, diabetes, and lower self-perceived health. In a multivariate analysis, only medication number was significantly associated with low adherence.40 A recent study by Hayward et al among patients with decompensated cirrhosis has reported non-adherence in 31.5% and it was judged as intentional in 65.3% of patients.36 Moreover, the prevalence of non-adherence with high-risk of potential harm (diuretics, propranolol, SBP prophylaxis) was 20% and has been associated with disease severity (MELD, CTP score, Charlson Comorbidity Index). Factors explaining the reason for non-adherence have been explored by several of the mentioned studies identifying two domains, complexity of medication expressed as medication complexity index, and psychological factors such as medication concern relative to necessity beliefs41, perception of treatment helpfulness, forgetfulness, as well as symptom burden, and low quality of life.31,32

Adherence to ONS

Very few studies have assessed adherence to ONS after discharge in free-living patients. In non-ACLD patients, a study in 96 cases with malignant or digestive diseases reported 93% adherence underscoring the importance of ONS tailoring by a dietician.42 Also, a recent systematic review has reported good adherence.43 In contrast, achieving adequate protein and calorie intake in ACLD is more difficult and requires a refined approach.8,9,36 Our study brings more evidence that adherence to ONS is low, even when compared with rates for standard ACLD medications. We observed two types of non-adherence during the initial follow-up for 30 days. First, 35% of cases stopped ONS for various side effects (Table 2) resembling the rate of adherence to a low-sodium diet,44 lactulose (29,31), or ONS in alcoholic liver disease.11,45 Apart from a side effect profile of ONS, it could be driven by low palatability and high complexity. In this regard, it is of interest that we did not find any means of calculating the medication complexity index for ONS. However, considering variables that are usually included, ONS use requires regular and precise intake schedules resembling a more complex medication regimen. Second, 65% of patients did not show up for further visits. From the multivariate model, disease severity (refractory ascites) was the major driving force of non-adherence together with low muscle strength and higher MAC. Unlike studies observing adherence to standard ACLD medications, we did not find any association with MELD or the CTP scores. Nevertheless, our findings could be considered consistent. Patients with refractory ascites have more severe disease and often complain of delayed gastric emptying, early satiety, and high symptom burden. The association of non-adherence with lower muscle strength may reflect the degree of frailty and sarcopenia. These conditions are also associated with disease severity and undoubtedly bring more logistical and administrative barriers to visiting a care-provider or getting an ONS refill. The association with MAC is more intriguing, but a perception of treatment helpfulness in patients with low MAC could be higher in comparison to patients with high MAC. We also believe that other factors could have been involved. For example, a lower recognition of nurse-led care as compared to physician-led care, the patient-perceived lower authority of nurse in our social and health care setting, or inability to achieve an educational goal during a single 30-minute counseling. Unfortunately, our registry did not contain data allowing us to explore more reasons for non-adherence.

Adherence and Outcome

Non-adherence has general implications on the adverse outcome of chronic diseases increasing the rate of re-hospitalizations,35,46 economic burden,47 morbidity, and mortality.48 In non-ACLD patients, the effect of ONS on the outcome of malnourished patients has been previously reported. Among older adults, adherence to ONS covering more >500 kcal/day decreased the rate of re-hospitalization and the overall health care cost 3–5 times.49 In another study among 308 primary care malnourished patients, ONS for 12 weeks and dietary advice were superior to dietary advice alone in decreasing health care use (visits, emergency admissions, and length of stay) and improving the quality of life.50 Moreover, 3-months therapy with ONS in 80 malnourished patients with benign digestive diseases has improved muscle function and the quality of life.51

In ACLD patients, Iwasa et al have reported that nutritional counseling compared with no counseling improved the long-term survival of ACLD patients. Besides, in counseled cases who participated in regular courses with a multidisciplinary education team, survival has further improved.52 Overall, a meta-analysis of the available evidence in 2013 had been slightly in favor of nutritional supplementation in ACLD but admitted that adequately powered and stratified studies were lacking at the time.25 The more recent meta-analysis has confirmed the beneficial effect of shortening the post-absorptive phase in the form of a late evening snack by improving nutritional status and liver function.14 Thus, our study brings more evidence, that nutritional counseling together with adherence to ONS significantly improves prognostic parameters (MELD, albumin, NCT), muscle function (HGS), survival, and the chance for LT.

In our study, we also observed a greater benefit of ONS in patients with higher MELD and lower HGS. Although the previous study reported a beneficial effect only in patients with CTP class A,52 there is some evidence that in severe patients effective short-term nutritional intervention prevents further progression of the disease.10 However, the benefit of this approach has been questioned by the conclusion of a subsequent controlled trial in alcoholic liver disease with jaundice.11 In this study, adherence was also a significant issue since, in the treatment arm, 15 out of 46 patients discontinued enteral nutrition and additional 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The same pattern has been reported by authors of the study among 136 patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis.45 The intention to treat analysis did not show any benefit in survival in patients receiving corticoids with enteral nutrition compared to corticoids with standard nutrition for 6 months. Authors however did notice lower mortality among patients who received higher caloric intake (≥21.5 kcal/kg/day) compared to those who did not. This evidence brings forward the major problem of the studies assessing the benefit of nutritional therapy on the outcome of ACLD. Patients’ clinical status with multiple disease complications often results in low adherence not allowing the intention to treat analysis to capture the true benefit of the assigned treatment. Our study thus brings more evidence for the argument, that when patients with severe disease can tolerate nutritional support in sufficient amounts, they do have benefit. It is also consistent with a recently introduced concept of the natural history of ALCD which points-out that malnutrition and frailty are driving forces of disease worsening leaving patients more susceptible to infection and/or ACLF.53

Our findings expose the existence of a vicious circle, whereby liver disease severity is associated with worse adherence while sicker patients appear to have more benefit from ONS. Among ACLD patients, there appear to be three groups of patients in terms of the priority of nutritional intervention. First, mortality within 30 days in hospitalized patients is driven mainly by disease complications. In-hospital management should focus on identifying and addressing them. Urgent treatment strategies need to be prioritized since patients with uncertain prognosis such as those with severe systemic infection and/or multiple organ failure, or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are usually unable to tolerate any nutritional support.54 Second, there are patients with a severe disease such as refractory ascites and/or chronic decompensation, who can tolerate some nutritional support. In this group, the early introduction of nutritional support in the form of enteral nutrition or ONS should be attempted. Third, in clinically stabilized patients before discharge, clinicians should allow for sufficient education of the patient and caregiver. Depending on their learning capacity, adequate time should be dedicated to meeting educational goals while identifying barriers to adherence,13 and managing side effects. Although the efficacy of this nutritional tailoring approach has been previously reported in the non-ACLD population, it is yet to be tested in the setting of ACLD.38 Considering the current evidence, non-adherence to ONS in discharged patients should be considered high-risk for potential harm. Our study also supports evidence from the previous report that adherence to a physician visit within 30-days after discharge remains among the management objectives when caring for patients with ACLD.55,56 Hence, we propose that both aspects of adherence be included among the quality of care measures for ACLD patients.

Limitations of the Study

Our study has several limitations. First, data from the registry did not allow the analysis of barriers to adherence concerning psychological, financial, and social factors. Second, we assessed adherence as a categorical variable at three time-points assigning patients not attending the pre-scheduled visits as non-adherent. The strict definition of adherence was more robust, but it could have missed the care given to patients outside of our hospital with the reported rate underestimating the true adherence. Also, our data did not allow for assessing the exact amount of ingested calories. Third, in designing the registry we did not incorporate a quantitative adherence scale such as the MMAS-8 and we did not evaluate adherence to other ACLD medications which would allow the assessment of adherence with medication number and complexity. Fourth, there is an inherent causal relationship between survival and adherence since surviving patients had a chance for longer adherence. To overcome this limitation, in the analysis of adherence at 30 days we excluded all patients who could not reach 30 days of follow-up, namely those who died or underwent LT. In contrast, patients with documented non-adherence during hospitalization or before LT were included. This approach also excluded the sickest patients in whom due to their poor general condition nutritional supplements could not be tolerated and its benefit on survival would not be expected. Thus, adherent and non-adherent patients for 30 days were evaluated for survival or the chance of LT occurring after 30 days. Fifth, outcome parameters were assessed only in patients coming in to have a pre-scheduled visit. These patients were mostly adherent to ONS with a decreasing number of observations over time. Also, the group of non-adherent patients was too low for allowing sufficient statistical power to compare the groups and the difference in the outcome parameters should be interpreted with caution. A low number of patients with refractory ascites did not allow sufficient statistical power to address the impact of adherence on survival in this subgroup of patients. However, a relatively large cohort of patients did allow the stratified assessment of adherence and survival according to MELD, CTP score, or HGS.

Conclusion

Among patients with advanced chronic liver disease after being discharged from the hospital, adherence to oral nutritional supplements was low and sharply declined over time. It has worsened in the presence of refractory ascites and improved with muscle strength. In adherent patients, prognostic parameters and muscle mass and strength had improved. In patients who survived 30 days and were adherent beyond 30 days, we observed a higher likelihood of undergoing LT and lower mortality, with greater benefit in patients with high MELD and low muscle strength.