Kuan-Wei Chen1, Ya-Chen Lee2, Tzu-Ying Yu3, Li-Jung Cheng1, Chien-Yu Chao1, Ching-Lin Hsieh4,5,6. 1. Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2. Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. 3. Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 4. Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. clhsieh@ntu.edu.tw. 5. School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 4F, No.17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan. clhsieh@ntu.edu.tw. 6. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. clhsieh@ntu.edu.tw.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test-retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. RESULTS: The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen's d = - 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test-retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.
BACKGROUND: Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test-retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4. RESULTS: The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen's d = - 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test-retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.