Jonathan Guihurt Santiago1,2,3, Neikelyn Burgos-Tirado1,2,4, Daniella Dorta Lafontaine1,2,5, José C Mendoza Sierra1,2,6, Roberto Herrera Camacho1,7, Clara M Vecchini Rodríguez1,8,9, Vanessa Morales-Tirado10,11,12, Jacqueline Flores-Otero13,14,15. 1. Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. 3. Present address: Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine at Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA. 4. Present address: Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 5. Present address: Central University of the Caribbean of Puerto Rico, Bayamon, Puerto Rico. 6. University of Medicine and Health Sciences, New York, USA. 7. Current affiliation: Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico. 8. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. 9. University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 10. Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. 11. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. 12. Present address: AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA. 13. Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. jacqueline.flores@upr.edu. 14. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico. jacqueline.flores@upr.edu. 15. University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico. jacqueline.flores@upr.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prognosis for pediatric metastatic Retinoblastoma (Rb) is poor and current therapies are limited by high systemic toxicity rates and insufficient therapeutic efficacy for metastatic Rb. Tumor dissemination to the brain is promoted by the heterogeneous adhesive and invasive properties of Rb cells within the tumor. In this study we evaluate, for the first time, the expression, and roles of the ELTD1 and GPR125 adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in Rb cell migration, viability and invasion. METHODS: We characterized the RNA expression of adhesion-GPCRs in 64 Rb tumors compared to 11 fetal retinas using the database from the Childhood Solid Tumor Network from St Jude Children's Research Hospital. The role of ELTD1 and GPR125 in Rb were investigated ex vivo by microarray analysis, in vitro by cell viability, Western blot and migration assays, in addition to imaging of the subcellular localization of the GPCRs. To elucidate their role in vivo we utilized siRNA technology in an established Rb orthotopic xenograft murine model. RESULTS: Our investigation demonstrates, for the first time, that ELTD1 but not GPR125, is significantly increased in Rb tumors compared to fetal retinas. We utilized established the Rb cell lines Y79 and Weri-Rb-1, which represent an aggressive, metastatic, and non-metastatic phenotype, respectively, for the in vitro analyses. The studies demonstrated that ELTD1 is enriched in Weri-Rb-1 cells, while GPR125 is enriched in Y79 cells. The measured differences extended to their subcellular localization as ELTD1 labeling displayed punctate clusters in cell-to-cell adhesion sites of Weri-Rb-1 cells, while GPR125 displayed a polarized distribution in Y79 cells. Lastly, we demonstrated the lack of both adhesion receptors does not affect Rb cell viability, yet inhibition of ELTD1 decreases Y79 cell migration in vitro and invasion in vivo. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our data suggest that ELTD1, is a potential target to prevent extraocular Rb. The results within establish ELTD1 as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic Rb.
BACKGROUND: Prognosis for pediatric metastatic Retinoblastoma (Rb) is poor and current therapies are limited by high systemic toxicity rates and insufficient therapeutic efficacy for metastatic Rb. Tumor dissemination to the brain is promoted by the heterogeneous adhesive and invasive properties of Rb cells within the tumor. In this study we evaluate, for the first time, the expression, and roles of the ELTD1 and GPR125 adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in Rb cell migration, viability and invasion. METHODS: We characterized the RNA expression of adhesion-GPCRs in 64 Rb tumors compared to 11 fetal retinas using the database from the Childhood Solid Tumor Network from St Jude Children's Research Hospital. The role of ELTD1 and GPR125 in Rb were investigated ex vivo by microarray analysis, in vitro by cell viability, Western blot and migration assays, in addition to imaging of the subcellular localization of the GPCRs. To elucidate their role in vivo we utilized siRNA technology in an established Rb orthotopic xenograft murine model. RESULTS: Our investigation demonstrates, for the first time, that ELTD1 but not GPR125, is significantly increased in Rb tumors compared to fetal retinas. We utilized established the Rb cell lines Y79 and Weri-Rb-1, which represent an aggressive, metastatic, and non-metastatic phenotype, respectively, for the in vitro analyses. The studies demonstrated that ELTD1 is enriched in Weri-Rb-1 cells, while GPR125 is enriched in Y79 cells. The measured differences extended to their subcellular localization as ELTD1 labeling displayed punctate clusters in cell-to-cell adhesion sites of Weri-Rb-1 cells, while GPR125 displayed a polarized distribution in Y79 cells. Lastly, we demonstrated the lack of both adhesion receptors does not affect Rb cell viability, yet inhibition of ELTD1 decreases Y79 cell migration in vitro and invasion in vivo. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our data suggest that ELTD1, is a potential target to prevent extraocular Rb. The results within establish ELTD1 as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic Rb.
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