| Literature DB >> 33424451 |
Sanja Hadzic1, Mirjana Gojkov-Vukelic1, Enes Pasic1, Indira Mujic Jahic1, Arma Muharemovic1, Amina Huseinbegovic-Cengic1.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cigarette or hookah smoking, as well as alcohol consumption and abuse, are considered to be the most common etiological factors for the onset of oral cavity diseases, such as changes on the lips, tongue, stomatopyrosis, glossopyrosis, candidiasis. AIM: Research aims to determine the harmful effect of smoking the hookah as well as other harmful factors on the oral health of the student population of the Faculty of Dentistry in Sarajevo.Entities:
Keywords: alcohol; hookah; oral health; smoking
Year: 2020 PMID: 33424451 PMCID: PMC7780790 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2020.32.212-217
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Mater Sociomed ISSN: 1512-7680
Figure 1.Native finding of Candida albicans (+)
Figure 2.Native finding of Candida albicans (++)
Figure 3.Native finding of Candida albicans ( +++)
Sex, age and year of study
| Year of study | Age | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| age 21 to 23 | age 24 to 26 | age 27 to 29 | ||||
| Fourth | Sex | Male | 7 | 3 | 10(13%) | |
| Female | 17 | 4 | 21 (27%) | |||
| Total | 24 (31%) | 7 (9%) | 31 (40%) | |||
| Fifth | Sex | Male | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8(10%) |
| Female | 11 | 11 | 1 | 22(29%) | ||
| Total | 14 (19%) | 16 (21%) | 2 (3%) | 30 (39%) | ||
| Sixth | Sex | Male | 1 | 9 | 10(13%) | |
| Female | 0 | 6 | 6(8%) | |||
| Total | 1 (1%) | 15 (19%) | 16 (21%) | |||
| Total | Sex | Male | 11 | 17 | 1 | 28(36%) |
| Female | 28 | 21 | 1 | 49(64%) | ||
| Total | 39 (51%) | 38 (49%) | 2 (3%) | 77(100%) | ||
Consumption and length of consumption of cigarettes, the hookah and alcohol
| Sex | Year of study | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Fourth | Fifth | Sixth | ||
| Count | Count | Count | Count | Count | ||
| Smoking cigarettes | YES | 22 | 28 | 18 | 22 | 10 |
| NO | 6 | 21 | 13 | 8 | 6 | |
| Cigarettes per day | up to one pack | 22 | 27 | 18 | 21 | 10 |
| 1-2 packs | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| over two packs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Smoking the hookah | YES | 9 | 21 | 14 | 11 | 5 |
| NO | 19 | 28 | 17 | 19 | 11 | |
| How much per day | 1-2 times | 3 | 9 | 10 | 2 | 0 |
| more than 2 times | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Length of consumption | up to 1 year | 1 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 1 |
| from 1 to 5 years | 4 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | |
| more than 5 years | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| How many times weekly | 1 - 2 times | 4 | 14 | 6 | 8 | 4 |
| 2-3 times | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
| more than 3 times | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
| Alcohol consumption | YES | 21 | 26 | 22 | 15 | 10 |
| NO | 7 | 22 | 9 | 14 | 6 | |
| Only beer | YES | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| NO | 1 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| All kinds of drinks | YES | 18 | 23 | 22 | 12 | 7 |
| NO | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| Length of alcohol consumption | up to 1 year | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| from 1 to 5 years | 8 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 4 | |
| more than 5 years | 12 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
Plaque index and sulcus bleeding index
| Year of study | Plaque index | Total | Sulcus bleeding index | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||||
| Fourth | Sex | Male | 3(4%) | 3(4%) | 4(5%) | 10(13%) | 2(3%) | 6(8%) | 2(3%) | 10(14%) |
| Female | 8(11%) | 9(12%) | 3(4%) | 20(27%) | 5(7%) | 10(14%) | 5(7%) | 20(28%) | ||
| Total | 11(15%) | 12(16%) | 7(9%) | 30(40%) | 7(10%) | 16(20%) | 7(10%) | 30(42%) | ||
| Fifth | Sex | Male | 3(4%) | 2(3%) | 3(4%) | 8(11%) | 2(3%) | 4(5%) | 2(3%) | 8(11%) |
| Female | 9(12%) | 9(12%) | 2(3%) | 20(27%) | 6(8%) | 11(15%) | 3(4%) | 20(27%) | ||
| Total | 12(16%) | 11(15%) | 5(7%) | 28(38%) | 8(11%) | 15(20%) | 5(7%) | 28(38%) | ||
| Sixth | Sex | Male | 5(7%) | 3(4%) | 2(3%) | 10(14%) | 3(4%) | 2(3%) | 4(5%) | 9(12%) |
| Female | 2(3%) | 4(5%) | 0(0%) | 6(8%) | 3(4%) | 3(4%) | 0(0%) | 6(8%) | ||
| Total | 7(10%) | 7(9%) | 2(3%) | 16(22%) | 6(8%) | 5(7%) | 4(5%) | 15(20%) | ||
| Total | Sex | Male | 11(15%) | 8(11%) | 9(12%) | 28(38%) | 7(10%) | 12(16%) | 8(11%) | 27(37%) |
| Female | 19(26%) | 22(29%) | 5(7%) | 46(62%) | 14(19%) | 24(33%) | 8(11%) | 46(63%) | ||
| Total | 30(41%) | 30(40%) | 14(19%) | 74(100% | 21(29%) | 36(49%) | 16(2%) | 73(100%) | ||
Native test results for candida
| Native test result for C. Albicans | Smoking cigarettes | Smoking the hookah | Alcohol consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YES | NO | YES | NO | YES | NO | ||
| Count | Count | Count | Count | Count | Count | ||
| + | 15 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 6 | |
| ++ | 11 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 8 | |
| +++ | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | |
Length of harmful habits consumption with changes on the lips and tongue
| Changes on the lips | Changes on the tongue | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheilitis exfoliativa | Cheilitis angularis | Lingua plicata | Lingua geographica | Lingua villosa nigra | ||
| Count | Count | Count | Count | Count | ||
| Cigarettes per day | up to one pack | 26 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 6 |
| 1-2 packs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| more than two packs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| total | 26 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 6 | |
| Length of hookah consumption | ||||||
| from 1 to 5 years | 9 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | |
| more than 5 years | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| total | 19 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 2 | |
| Length of alcohol consumption | 0 | |||||
| from 1 to 5 years | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| more than 5 years | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| total | 26 | 5 | 2 | 2 | ||