Kira E Riehm1, Savannah G Brenneke2, Leslie B Adams2, Donya Gilan3, Klaus Lieb3, Angela M Kunzler4, Emily J Smail2, Calliope Holingue5, Elizabeth A Stuart2, Luther G Kalb5, Johannes Thrul6. 1. Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: kriehm@jhu.edu. 2. Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 3. Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research Mainz, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany. 4. Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research Mainz, Germany. 5. Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University; 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 6. Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd &, Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psychological responses to potentially traumatic events tend to be heterogeneous, with some individuals displaying resilience. Longitudinal associations between resilience and mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the association between resilience and trajectories of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants were 6,008 adults from the Understanding America Study, a probability-based Internet-panel representative of the US adult population. Baseline data were collected between March 10 and March 31, 2020, with nine follow-up waves conducted between April 1 and August 4. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine the association between date and mental distress, stratified by resilience level (low, normal, or high). RESULTS: In contrast to the high resilience group, participants in the low and normal resilience groups experienced increases in mental distress in the early months of the pandemic (low: OR=2.94, 95% CI=1.93-4.46; normal: OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.55-2.35). Men, middle-aged and older adults, Black adults, and adults with a graduate degree were more likely to report high resilience, whereas adults living below the poverty line were less likely to report high resilience. LIMITATIONS: These associations should not be interpreted as causal, and resilience was measured at only one time-point. CONCLUSIONS: Trajectories of mental distress varied markedly by resilience level during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with low-resilience adults reporting the largest increases in mental distress during this crisis. Activities that foster resilience should be included in broader strategies to support mental health throughout the pandemic.
BACKGROUND: Psychological responses to potentially traumatic events tend to be heterogeneous, with some individuals displaying resilience. Longitudinal associations between resilience and mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the association between resilience and trajectories of mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Participants were 6,008 adults from the Understanding America Study, a probability-based Internet-panel representative of the US adult population. Baseline data were collected between March 10 and March 31, 2020, with nine follow-up waves conducted between April 1 and August 4. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine the association between date and mental distress, stratified by resilience level (low, normal, or high). RESULTS: In contrast to the high resilience group, participants in the low and normal resilience groups experienced increases in mental distress in the early months of the pandemic (low: OR=2.94, 95% CI=1.93-4.46; normal: OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.55-2.35). Men, middle-aged and older adults, Black adults, and adults with a graduate degree were more likely to report high resilience, whereas adults living below the poverty line were less likely to report high resilience. LIMITATIONS: These associations should not be interpreted as causal, and resilience was measured at only one time-point. CONCLUSIONS: Trajectories of mental distress varied markedly by resilience level during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with low-resilience adults reporting the largest increases in mental distress during this crisis. Activities that foster resilience should be included in broader strategies to support mental health throughout the pandemic.
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