Internal dose of vanadium in rats following repeated exposure to vanadyl sulfate and sodium orthovanadate via drinking water.

Vanadium is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that exists in multiple oxidation states. Humans are exposed to vanadyl (V4+) and vanadate (V5+) from dietary supplements, food, and drinking water and hence there is a concern for adverse human health. The current investigation is aimed at identifying vanadium oxidation states in vitro and in vivo and internal concentrations following exposure of rats to vanadyl sulfate (V4+) or sodium metavanadate (V5+) via drinking water for 14 d. Investigations in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids showed that V4+ was stable in gastric fluid while V5+ was stable in intestinal fluid. Analysis of rodent plasma showed that the only vanadium present was V4+, regardless of the exposed compound suggesting conversion of V5+ to V4+ in vivo and/or instability of V5+ species in biological matrices. Plasma, blood, and liver concentrations of total vanadium, after normalizing for vanadium dose consumed, were higher in male and female rats following exposure to V5+ than to V4+. Following exposure to either V4+ or V5+, the total vanadium concentration in plasma was 2- to 3-fold higher than in blood suggesting plasma as a better matrix than blood for measuring vanadium in future work. Liver to blood ratios were 4-7 demonstrating significant tissue retention following exposure to both compounds. In conclusion, these data point to potential differences in absorption and disposition properties of V4+ and V5+ salts and may explain the higher sensitivity in rats following drinking water exposure to V5+ than V4+ and highlights the importance of internal dose determination in toxicology studies. Published by Elsevier Inc.