Yoon Kyung Jeon1,2, Doo Hyun Chung3,4, Seung Geun Song5, Sehui Kim5,6, Jaemoon Koh5,6, Jeemin Yim5, Bogyeong Han5, Young A Kim7. 1. Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. ykjeon@snu.ac.kr. 2. Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ykjeon@snu.ac.kr. 3. Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. doohyun@snu.ac.kr. 4. Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. doohyun@snu.ac.kr. 5. Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. 6. Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. 7. Department of Pathology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the characteristics of the tumor immune-microenvironment in brain metastases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated the immunophenotype of primary NSCLC and its brain metastasis. METHODS: Expression profiling of 770 immune-related genes in 28 tissues from primary and brain metastases of NSCLC was performed using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. The immune cell profiles were validated by immunohistochemistry of 42 matched samples. RESULTS: Based on unsupervised clustering and principal component analysis of the immune-related gene expression profile, tumors were primarily clustered according to the involved organ and further grouped according to the EGFR mutation status. Fifty-four genes were significantly differentially expressed between primary and brain metastatic tumors. Clustering using these genes showed that tumors harboring mutated EGFR tended to be grouped together in the brain. Pathway analysis revealed that various immune-related functions involving immune regulation, T cell activity, and chemokines were enriched in primary tumors compared to brain metastases. Diverse immune-related pathways were upregulated in brain metastases of EGFR-mutated compared to EGFR-wild-type adenocarcinoma, but not in primary tumors. The interferon-γ-related gene signature was significantly decreased in brain metastases. The anti-inflammatory markers TOLLIP and HLA-G were upregulated in brain metastases. The proportions of most immune cell subsets were decreased in brain metastases, but those of macrophages and CD56dim-NK-cells were increased, as was the ratios of CD163+M2- to iNOS+M1-macrophages and NCR1+NK-cells to CD3+T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate the immune landscape of brain metastases from NSCLC and reveal potential therapeutic strategies targeting cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor immune-microenvironment.
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the characteristics of the tumor immune-microenvironment in brain metastases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated the immunophenotype of primary NSCLC and its brain metastasis. METHODS: Expression profiling of 770 immune-related genes in 28 tissues from primary and brain metastases of NSCLC was performed using the NanoString nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel. The immune cell profiles were validated by immunohistochemistry of 42 matched samples. RESULTS: Based on unsupervised clustering and principal component analysis of the immune-related gene expression profile, tumors were primarily clustered according to the involved organ and further grouped according to the EGFR mutation status. Fifty-four genes were significantly differentially expressed between primary and brain metastatic tumors. Clustering using these genes showed that tumors harboring mutated EGFR tended to be grouped together in the brain. Pathway analysis revealed that various immune-related functions involving immune regulation, T cell activity, and chemokines were enriched in primary tumors compared to brain metastases. Diverse immune-related pathways were upregulated in brain metastases of EGFR-mutated compared to EGFR-wild-type adenocarcinoma, but not in primary tumors. The interferon-γ-related gene signature was significantly decreased in brain metastases. The anti-inflammatory markers TOLLIP and HLA-G were upregulated in brain metastases. The proportions of most immune cell subsets were decreased in brain metastases, but those of macrophages and CD56dim-NK-cells were increased, as was the ratios of CD163+M2- to iNOS+M1-macrophages and NCR1+NK-cells to CD3+T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate the immune landscape of brain metastases from NSCLC and reveal potential therapeutic strategies targeting cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor immune-microenvironment.
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