Ili Margalit1, David Lebeaux2, Ori Tishler3, Elad Goldberg4, Jihad Bishara5, Dafna Yahav5, Julien Coussement6. 1. Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: ilimargalit@gmail.com. 2. Université de Paris, Paris, France; Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile d'Infectiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. 3. Department of Internal Medicine F-Recanati, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. 4. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine F-Recanati, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. 5. Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. 6. Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nocardiosis is a rare infection that is often difficult to treat and may be life-threatening. There is no consensus on its management. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to provide the current evidence for the diagnosis and management of individuals with nocardiosis, and to propose a management approach for this uncommon infection. SOURCES: We systematically searched the medical literature on nocardiosis for studies published between 2010 and 2020 and describing ten or more individuals. CONTENT: Nocardiosis, a primarily opportunistic infection which may occur in immunocompetent persons, most commonly involves the lungs and frequently disseminates to other sites including the central nervous system. The reference standard for Nocardia species identification is molecular biology, and the preferred method for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is broth microdilution. Monotherapy seems appropriate for patients with primary skin nocardiosis or non-severe pulmonary disease; we reserve a multidrug regimen for more severe infections. Species identification and AST results are often missing at initiation of antibiotics. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the preferred agent for initial therapy, because Nocardia is very often susceptible to this agent, and because it has been the keystone of nocardiosis treatment for years. Linezolid, to which Nocardia is almost always susceptible, may be an alternative. When combination therapy is required, the repertoire of companion drugs includes third-generation cephalosporins, amikacin and imipenem. Therapeutic modifications should take into account clinical response to initial therapy and AST results. Treatment duration of 6 months is appropriate for most situations, but longer durations are preferred for disseminated nocardiosis and shorter durations are reasonable in low-risk situations. Secondary prophylaxis may be considered in selected individuals with permanent immunosuppression. IMPLICATIONS: We hereby provide the clinician with an easy-to-use algorithm for the management of individuals with nocardiosis. We also illuminate gaps in evidence and suggest future research directions.
BACKGROUND:Nocardiosis is a rare infection that is often difficult to treat and may be life-threatening. There is no consensus on its management. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to provide the current evidence for the diagnosis and management of individuals with nocardiosis, and to propose a management approach for this uncommon infection. SOURCES: We systematically searched the medical literature on nocardiosis for studies published between 2010 and 2020 and describing ten or more individuals. CONTENT: Nocardiosis, a primarily opportunistic infection which may occur in immunocompetent persons, most commonly involves the lungs and frequently disseminates to other sites including the central nervous system. The reference standard for Nocardia species identification is molecular biology, and the preferred method for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is broth microdilution. Monotherapy seems appropriate for patients with primary skin nocardiosis or non-severe pulmonary disease; we reserve a multidrug regimen for more severe infections. Species identification and AST results are often missing at initiation of antibiotics. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the preferred agent for initial therapy, because Nocardia is very often susceptible to this agent, and because it has been the keystone of nocardiosis treatment for years. Linezolid, to which Nocardia is almost always susceptible, may be an alternative. When combination therapy is required, the repertoire of companion drugs includes third-generation cephalosporins, amikacin and imipenem. Therapeutic modifications should take into account clinical response to initial therapy and AST results. Treatment duration of 6 months is appropriate for most situations, but longer durations are preferred for disseminated nocardiosis and shorter durations are reasonable in low-risk situations. Secondary prophylaxis may be considered in selected individuals with permanent immunosuppression. IMPLICATIONS: We hereby provide the clinician with an easy-to-use algorithm for the management of individuals with nocardiosis. We also illuminate gaps in evidence and suggest future research directions.
Authors: Emanuele Palomba; Arianna Liparoti; Anna Tonizzo; Valeria Castelli; Laura Alagna; Giorgio Bozzi; Riccardo Ungaro; Antonio Muscatello; Andrea Gori; Alessandra Bandera Journal: Microorganisms Date: 2022-05-29
Authors: Mazin Barry; Shahad AlShehri; Ahlam Alguhani; Mohammad Barry; Ali Alhijji; Khalifa Binkhamis; Fahad Al-Majid; Fatimah S Al-Shahrani; Taim Muayqil Journal: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Date: 2022-05-16 Impact factor: 6.781