The Grueneberg ganglion: signal transduction and coding in an olfactory and thermosensory organ involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and predator-secreted kairomones.

In numerous mammalian species, the nose harbors several compartments populated by chemosensory cells. Among them, the Grueneberg ganglion (GG) located in the anterior nasal region comprises sensory neurons activated by given substances. In rodents, in which the GG has been best studied, these chemical cues mainly include heterocyclic compounds released by predators or by conspecifics. Since some of these substances evoke fear- or stress-associated responses, the GG is considered as a detector for alerting semiochemicals. In fact, certain behavioral and physiological reactions to alarm pheromones and predator-secreted kairomones are attenuated in the absence of a functional GG. Intriguingly, GG neurons are also stimulated by cool temperatures. Moreover, ambient temperatures modulate olfactory responsiveness in the GG, indicating that cross-talks exist between the transduction pathways mediating chemo- and thermosensory signaling in this organ. In this context, exploring the relevant molecular cascades has demonstrated that some chemosensory transduction elements are also crucial for thermosensory signaling in the GG. Finally, for further processing of sensory information, axons of GG neurons project to the olfactory bulb of the brain where they innervate distinct glomerular structures belonging to the enigmatic necklace glomeruli. In this review, the stimuli activating GG neurons as well as the underlying transduction pathways are summarized. Because these stimuli do not exclusively activate GG neurons but also other sensory cells, the biological relevance of the GG is discussed, with a special focus on the role of the GG in detecting alarm signals.