Lawrence D Frenkel1, Fernando Gomez2, Joseph A Bellanti3. 1. From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Parker, Colorado. 3. Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, and.
Abstract
Background: Since its initial description in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly progressed into a worldwide pandemic, which has affected millions of lives. Unlike the disease in adults, the vast majority of children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms and are largely spared from severe respiratory disease. However, there are children who have significant respiratory disease, and some may develop a hyperinflammatory response similar to that seen in adults with COVID-19 and in children with Kawasaki disease (KD), which has been termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Objective: The purpose of this report was to examine the current evidence that supports the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 in children and the relationship of COVID-19 with KD and MIS-C as a basis for a better understanding of the clinical course, diagnosis, and management of these clinically perplexing conditions. Results: The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is carried out in two distinct but overlapping phases of COVID-19: the first triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself and the second by the host immune response. Children with KD have fewer of the previously described COVID-19-associated KD features with less prominent acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock than children with MIS-C. Conclusion: COVID-19 in adults usually includes severe respiratory symptoms and pathology, with a high mortality. It has become apparent that children are infected as easily as adults but are more often asymptomatic and have milder disease because of their immature immune systems. Although children are largely spared from severe respiratory disease, they can present with a SARS-CoV-2-associated MIS-C similar to KD.
Background: Since its initial description in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly progressed into a worldwide pandemic, which has affected millions of lives. Unlike the disease in adults, the vast majority of children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms and are largely spared from severe respiratory disease. However, there are children who have significant respiratory disease, and some may develop a hyperinflammatory response similar to that seen in adults with COVID-19 and in children with Kawasaki disease (KD), which has been termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Objective: The purpose of this report was to examine the current evidence that supports the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 in children and the relationship of COVID-19 with KD and MIS-C as a basis for a better understanding of the clinical course, diagnosis, and management of these clinically perplexing conditions. Results: The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is carried out in two distinct but overlapping phases of COVID-19: the first triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself and the second by the host immune response. Children with KD have fewer of the previously described COVID-19-associated KD features with less prominent acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock than children with MIS-C. Conclusion:COVID-19 in adults usually includes severe respiratory symptoms and pathology, with a high mortality. It has become apparent that children are infected as easily as adults but are more often asymptomatic and have milder disease because of their immature immune systems. Although children are largely spared from severe respiratory disease, they can present with a SARS-CoV-2-associated MIS-C similar to KD.
Authors: Karen Cortés-Sarabia; Armando Cruz-Rangel; Alejandro Flores-Alanis; Marcela Salazar-García; Samuel Jiménez-García; Griselda Rodríguez-Martínez; Juan Pablo Reyes-Grajeda; Rosa Isela Rodríguez-Téllez; Genaro Patiño-López; Israel Parra-Ortega; Oscar Del Moral-Hernández; Berenice Illades-Aguiar; Miguel Klünder-Klünder; Horacio Márquez-González; Adrián Chávez-López; Victor M Luna-Pineda Journal: PLoS One Date: 2022-08-15 Impact factor: 3.752
Authors: Elisabetta Gatti; Marta Piotto; Mara Lelii; Mariacarola Pensabene; Barbara Madini; Lucia Cerrato; Vittoria Hassan; Stefano Aliberti; Samantha Bosis; Paola Marchisio; Maria Francesca Patria Journal: Front Pediatr Date: 2022-03-07 Impact factor: 3.418