Sebastián Peña1,2,3, Pia Mäkelä1, Tiina Laatikainen1,4,5, Tommi Härkänen1, Satu Männistö1, Markku Heliövaara1, Seppo Koskinen1. 1. Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. 2. Doctoral Programme in Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. 4. Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. 5. Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun sote), Joensuu, Finland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lower socio-economic status (SES) is associated with higher alcohol-related harm despite lower levels of alcohol use. Differential vulnerability due to joint effects of behavioural risk factors is one potential explanation for this 'alcohol harm paradox'. We analysed to what extent socio-economic inequalities in alcohol-mortality are mediated by alcohol, smoking and body mass index (BMI), and their joint effects with each other and with SES. DESIGN: Cohort study of eight health examination surveys (1978-2007) linked to mortality data. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 53 632 Finnish residents aged 25+ years. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was alcohol-attributable mortality. We used income as an indicator of SES. We assessed the joint effects between income and mediators (alcohol use, smoking and BMI) and between the mediators, adjusting for socio-demographic indicators. We used causal mediation analysis to calculate the total, direct, indirect and mediated interactive effects using Aalen's additive hazards models. FINDINGS: During 1 085 839 person-years of follow-up, we identified 865 alcohol-attributable deaths. We found joint effects for income and alcohol use and income and smoking, resulting in 46.8 and 11.4 extra deaths due to the interaction per 10 000 person-years. No interactions were observed for income and BMI or between alcohol and other mediators. The lowest compared with the highest income quintile was associated with 5.5 additional alcohol deaths per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 3.7, 7.3) after adjusting for confounders. The proportion mediated by alcohol use was negative (-69.3%), consistent with the alcohol harm paradox. The proportion mediated by smoking and BMI and their additive interactions with income explained 18.1% of the total effect of income on alcohol-attributable mortality. CONCLUSIONS: People of lower socio-economic status appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol use and smoking on alcohol-attributable mortality. Behavioural risk factors and their joint effects with income may explain part of the alcohol harm paradox.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lower socio-economic status (SES) is associated with higher alcohol-related harm despite lower levels of alcohol use. Differential vulnerability due to joint effects of behavioural risk factors is one potential explanation for this 'alcohol harm paradox'. We analysed to what extent socio-economic inequalities in alcohol-mortality are mediated by alcohol, smoking and body mass index (BMI), and their joint effects with each other and with SES. DESIGN: Cohort study of eight health examination surveys (1978-2007) linked to mortality data. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 53 632 Finnish residents aged 25+ years. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was alcohol-attributable mortality. We used income as an indicator of SES. We assessed the joint effects between income and mediators (alcohol use, smoking and BMI) and between the mediators, adjusting for socio-demographic indicators. We used causal mediation analysis to calculate the total, direct, indirect and mediated interactive effects using Aalen's additive hazards models. FINDINGS: During 1 085 839 person-years of follow-up, we identified 865 alcohol-attributable deaths. We found joint effects for income and alcohol use and income and smoking, resulting in 46.8 and 11.4 extra deaths due to the interaction per 10 000 person-years. No interactions were observed for income and BMI or between alcohol and other mediators. The lowest compared with the highest income quintile was associated with 5.5 additional alcoholdeaths per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 3.7, 7.3) after adjusting for confounders. The proportion mediated by alcohol use was negative (-69.3%), consistent with the alcohol harm paradox. The proportion mediated by smoking and BMI and their additive interactions with income explained 18.1% of the total effect of income on alcohol-attributable mortality. CONCLUSIONS:People of lower socio-economic status appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol use and smoking on alcohol-attributable mortality. Behavioural risk factors and their joint effects with income may explain part of the alcohol harm paradox.
Authors: Jennifer Boyd; Olivia Sexton; Colin Angus; Petra Meier; Robin C Purshouse; John Holmes Journal: Addiction Date: 2021-05-25 Impact factor: 7.256
Authors: Marta Donat; Gregorio Barrio; Juan-Miguel Guerras; Lidia Herrero; José Pulido; María-José Belza; Enrique Regidor Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-04-05 Impact factor: 3.390