Ayman A Al Hayek1, Asirvatham Alwin Robert2, Ruqayah Al-Shaikh3, Mohammed Alhojele4, Shaza Aloufi5, Daniyah Sabri6, Mohammed Alenazi7, Alshehri Hanan Hassan8, Mohamed Al Dawish9. 1. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: ayman.alhayek@yahoo.com. 2. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: aalwinrobert@gmail.com. 3. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: afrahalamro@yahoo.com. 4. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mohammedalhojele@yahoo.com. 5. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: shazaaloufi@yahoo.com. 6. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: haneenalkubedan@rediffmail.com. 7. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: malrasheed1974@yahoo.com. 8. King Khaled University, College of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: kashehri@rediffmail.com. 9. Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: maldawish@psmmc.med.sa.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To Investigate the factors associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective study conducted among 1118 patients with T1D, at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After, exclusion process, 336 patients were selected for analysis. Among these, 105 patients with T1D were hospitalized for DKA, whereas 231 patients without DKA were outpatients who visited the hospital for T1D follow-up treatment. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis between patients with DKA and those without DKA revealed significant relationships in terms of gender (p = 0.014), age (p = 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.017), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.0001), duration of diabetes (p = 0.001) and clinic appointments (p = 0.001). From the logistic regression analysis, it was clear that females (OR 1.88; p = 0.038) had a higher risk for DKA. As compared to the age group of ≥30 years, those in the age category of 20-29 years (OR 1.35; p = 0.001) and teenagers (OR 3.64; p = 0.001) faced a higher risk of having DKA episodes. Compared with patients having HbA1c levels <8%, those showing HbA1c levels 8-9.9% (OR 1.77; p = 0.224) and ≥10% (OR 4.06; p = 0.003) revealed higher risk for DKA. Likewise, in comparison with the patients who were compliant to clinic appointments, those who were non-compliant to clinic appointments exhibited higher than six times the risk (OR 6.38; p = 0.0001) of being more prone to experiencing the DKA episodes. CONCLUSION: Patients with higher risk for DKA comprise, those having high HbA1c levels, longer period of diabetes duration, teenagers, female gender and non-compliant to clinic appointments.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To Investigate the factors associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective study conducted among 1118 patients with T1D, at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After, exclusion process, 336 patients were selected for analysis. Among these, 105 patients with T1D were hospitalized for DKA, whereas 231 patients without DKA were outpatients who visited the hospital for T1D follow-up treatment. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis between patients with DKA and those without DKA revealed significant relationships in terms of gender (p = 0.014), age (p = 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.017), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.0001), duration of diabetes (p = 0.001) and clinic appointments (p = 0.001). From the logistic regression analysis, it was clear that females (OR 1.88; p = 0.038) had a higher risk for DKA. As compared to the age group of ≥30 years, those in the age category of 20-29 years (OR 1.35; p = 0.001) and teenagers (OR 3.64; p = 0.001) faced a higher risk of having DKA episodes. Compared with patients having HbA1c levels <8%, those showing HbA1c levels 8-9.9% (OR 1.77; p = 0.224) and ≥10% (OR 4.06; p = 0.003) revealed higher risk for DKA. Likewise, in comparison with the patients who were compliant to clinic appointments, those who were non-compliant to clinic appointments exhibited higher than six times the risk (OR 6.38; p = 0.0001) of being more prone to experiencing the DKA episodes. CONCLUSION:Patients with higher risk for DKA comprise, those having high HbA1c levels, longer period of diabetes duration, teenagers, female gender and non-compliant to clinic appointments.