I-Chen Chen1,2,3, Jui-Sheng Hsu4,5, Yu-Wen Chen6,7, Yi-Ching Liu1, Yen-Hsien Wu1, Jong-Hau Hsu1,2, Yi-Fang Cheng1, Zen-Kong Dai1,2,3. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 2. Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 3. College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 4. Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 5. Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 6. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 7. Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Background: Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), first mentioned in 1901, is a severe and rare chronic lung disease in children. BO has various etiologies and the most common in children is post-infectious BO (PIBO). High resolution CT (HRCT) is an often-used image tool for the diagnosis of BO, and pulmonary scintigraphy is an alternative tool that can functionally evaluate BO. Recently, dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) have also been applied to BO for its accuracy and safety. Here we described the characteristics of HRCT, pulmonary scintigraphy, DECT, and the clinical profiles of patients with PIBO. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study. Data were collected from patients diagnosed with PIBO from 2014 to 2019 in the Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Outpatient Clinics of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. The diagnosis was based on clinical, chest X-ray, and HRCT findings. Clinical profile, radiological characteristics, and images of pulmonary scintigraphy were documented. Results: Eight children (4 boys and 4 girls) were diagnosed with PIBO at a mean age of 25.8 months (range 15 to 41 months). Two of our patients developed pulmonary hypertension. The most common HRCT finding is mosaic pattern, where match ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defects is a general feature in pulmonary scintigraphy. DECT pulmonary blood vasculature images revealed various degrees of decreased perfusion and is compatible with the decreased perfusion on pulmonary scintigraphy. Conclusion: The therapeutic strategy of PIBO is still lacking of standardization. HRCT and V/Q scans are important image tools in diagnosis and follow-up of BO. DECT may be used in BO patients as it has no additional radiation exposure and add value on functional information of HRCT.
Background: Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), first mentioned in 1901, is a severe and rare chronic lung disease in children. BO has various etiologies and the most common in children is post-infectious BO (PIBO). High resolution CT (HRCT) is an often-used image tool for the diagnosis of BO, and pulmonary scintigraphy is an alternative tool that can functionally evaluate BO. Recently, dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) have also been applied to BO for its accuracy and safety. Here we described the characteristics of HRCT, pulmonary scintigraphy, DECT, and the clinical profiles of patients with PIBO. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study. Data were collected from patients diagnosed with PIBO from 2014 to 2019 in the Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Outpatient Clinics of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. The diagnosis was based on clinical, chest X-ray, and HRCT findings. Clinical profile, radiological characteristics, and images of pulmonary scintigraphy were documented. Results: Eight children (4 boys and 4 girls) were diagnosed with PIBO at a mean age of 25.8 months (range 15 to 41 months). Two of our patients developed pulmonary hypertension. The most common HRCT finding is mosaic pattern, where match ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defects is a general feature in pulmonary scintigraphy. DECT pulmonary blood vasculature images revealed various degrees of decreased perfusion and is compatible with the decreased perfusion on pulmonary scintigraphy. Conclusion: The therapeutic strategy of PIBO is still lacking of standardization. HRCT and V/Q scans are important image tools in diagnosis and follow-up of BO. DECT may be used in BO patients as it has no additional radiation exposure and add value on functional information of HRCT.